External factors affecting class differences in achievement: cultural deprivation Flashcards
who came up with the theory of speech codes
Bernstein
who, more broadly, argued that language in WC homes is deficient
Bereiter and Engelmann
why does deficient language lead to a lack of achievement for WC students
Absence in abstract thinking and inability to use language to describe, explain or analyse
what two codes does Bernstein distinguish between
- Elaborated code
- Restricted code
according to Bernstein, what is the elaborated code
- used by the middle class
- longer grammatically complex sentences
- communicates abstract ideas
- context free
how does the use of the elaborated code give middle class students an advantage
- it is the language used in textbooks, exam questions and by teachers
- means MC children are able to interpret and understand content better, as well as able to answer exam questions with fluency
according to Bernstein what is the restricted code?
- used by working class
- disjointed simple sentences
- grammatically incorrect
- context bound
- communicate with single words or gestures
what is cultural deprivation
working class families fail to socialise their children adequately into the values, skills and attitudes (cultural equipment) needed for educational success
who argued that parent’s education has the largest impact on cultural deprivation
Feinstein
What did Feinstein suggest about MC vs WC parenting style
MC:
- consistent discipline
- high expectations
- encourages active learning and trying hard
WC:
- harsh, inconsistent discipline
- emphasises doing as you’re told
What does Feinstein suggest the result of WC parenting style is on students
- prevents learning independence and self control
- leads to poorer motivation at school
- issues interacting with teachers
according to Feinstein, why do educated (MC) parents give their children an advantage
- more aware of what is needed to assist children’s educational progress
- more likely to read to children, be more helpful with homework etc.
- take educational, intellectually stimulating trips e.g. museums or libraries
who argued that working class parents place less value on education
Douglas
according to Douglas, what is WC attitude to education
- less ambitious for their children
- look less interest in school e.g. asked less questions after school day and visited schools less often e.g. more absent at parents evenings
who argued that middle class parents are more likely to use their income on things which promote children’s success
Bernstein and Young
what is compensatory education
- aims to tackle cultural deprivation by providing extra resources for schools in deprived areas
