EXTERNAL FACTORS

Question 1

cultural deprivation

Answer 1

working class students have inferior norms, values, skills and knowledge which prevent them from achieving in education

Question 2

intellectual and linguistic skills

Answer 2

• children from low income black families lack intellectual stimulation which leaves them unprepared for school since they won’t be able to develop reason and problem solving skills
• ENGLEMANN: language spoken by low income black American families is inadequate for being successful in school because it is disjointed/ungrammatical
• MIRZA: Indian girls do well despite not having English as their home language

Question 3

Attitudes and values affecting achievement

Answer 3

• black children have been socialised into a subculture that installs fatalistic values that emphasises immediate gratification

Question 4

Family structure and parental support affecting achievement

Answer 4

• MOYNIHAN: black families are mostly headed by a lone mother which deprived the children of care due to financial problems and no male role model
• leads to cultural cycle where students from low income families fail at school then become inadequate parents themselves
• SEWELL: sees the lack of ‘tough love’ the reason why black boys underachieve
• they join gangs for loyalty and love
• ARNOT: describes boys as ‘ultra tough ghetto superstar’ inspired by MTV ghetto culture
• leads to underachievement because speaking standard English and taking interest in education is seen as ‘selling out’
• GILBORN: it’s institutional racism that produces failure of large number of black boys

Question 5

Material deprivation

Answer 5

• working class not being able to afford basic resources and services such as sufficient food and heating.
• FLAHERTY: Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are 3x more likely than whites to be in the poorest fifths of population
• 15% of minority households live in crowded conditions compared to 2% of white households

Question 6

Racism in wider society

Answer 6

• poverty and material deprivation experienced by ethnic minorities in the product of racism in wider society
• MASON: racism is a key continuing feature in British culture that ethnic minorities experience
• they’re more like to face unemployment and low pay
• lead to underachievement because has negative effect on students educational prospects