External Factors

Question 1

hubbs tait et al

Answer 1

language that challenges their children improves cognitive performance

Question 2

Feinstein

Answer 2

educated parents more likely to use language in this way.

Question 3

Bereiter and Englemen

Answer 3

language used by lower class families is deficient

Question 4

Bernstein

Answer 4

distiguished between elaborated and restricted speech codes
also recognised that school (internal factors) have an influence on educational achievement as well as in the home

Question 5

Douglas

Answer 5

working class parents placed less value on education

Question 6

feinstein

Answer 6

parents own education is the most important factor affecting children’s achievement

Question 7

Bernstein and Young

Answer 7

middle class mothers are more likely to buy educational resource that encourage reasoning skills and stimulate intellectual development. working class more likely to lack these so start school without these skills needed to progress

Question 8

sugarman

Answer 8

explains how the working class has four key values which act as a barrier to educational achievement
fatalism, collectivism, imediate gratification and present-time orientation

Question 9

keddie

Answer 9

cultural deprivation is a myth and a ‘victim blaming’ explanation
children are culturally different not deprived

Question 10

Blackstone and mortimer

Answer 10

criticises the view that w/c parents show no interest in their children’s education - they work longer hours so have less time.

Question 11

Flaherty

Answer 11

money problems in the family are a significant factor in young children’s non-attendance at school

Question 12

howard

Answer 12

young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins, and minerals, affecting health, resulting in more absences in school.

Question 13

Wilkinson

Answer 13

the lower the social class, the higher the rate of hyperactivity, anxiety and conduct disorders, all have a negative effect on the child’s education

Question 14

bladen and machin

Answer 14

low income families more likely to engage in ‘externalising’ behaviours such as fighting and tantrums, which are likely to disrupt their schooling

Question 15

bull

Answer 15

the cost of free schooling
lack of financial support means that children from poor families have to do without equipment and miss out on experiences that would enhance their educational achievement.

Question 16

tanner et al

Answer 16

the cost of items places a heavy burden on poor families.

Question 17

Flaherty

Answer 17

fear of stigmatisation prevents children edible for free school meals from having them

Question 18

smith and noble

Answer 18

poverty acts as a barrier to learning in other ways, eg tutors, uniform and textbooks

Question 19

callender and jackson

Answer 19

w/c students more debt adverse (preventing success), seeing it as negative and something to be avoided. they saw more costs than the benefits of going to university.

Question 20

reay

Answer 20

w/c students were more likely to apply to local universities so they could live at home and save on travel costs.
less opportunities to go to the highest status university.

Question 21

mortimer and whitty

Answer 21

material inquelities have the greatest effect on achievement

Question 22

bourdieu

Answer 22

explains how the middle class have cultural, economic and educational capital

Question 23

leech and campos

Answer 23

study of Coventry shows middle class parents are more likely to afford a house in the catchment area of a school that is highly placed in the exam league table

Question 24

sullivan

Answer 24

tested bourdieus ideas and concepts and concluded that ‘cultural capital’ explains part of the class gap - greater resources and aspirations of the middle class