External Eye Flashcards
What is used to test near vision?
Rosenbaum chart or newspaper print held 14in away
What charts are used to test far vision?
Snellen (20ft) and Sloan (10ft)
Define hyperopia
Eye has far sight but poor near sight
Define myopia
Eye has near sight but poor far sight
Define presbyopia
With age lens loses it’s elasticity– diminished near sight but continued far sight
What are vitreous floaters
> 50, moving cobwebs, spots, smudges, etc.
How to test peripheral vision
Moving or wiggling fingers slowly into field of vision from top, bottom and sides of each eye.
What cranial nerves are being tested through the cardinal planes of gaze?
3, 4 & 6
What two tests can be used to check symmetrical alignment of the eyes and therefore binocular fixation?
Corneal light reflex and cover-uncover
What is lid (lag) retraction?
Upper lid is slow to react as eye looks down. Exposes sclera between lid margin & iris.
What could lid retraction suggest?
Hyperthyroidism, CN 7 damage, or tumor behind eye
What is lid (sag) ptosis?
Congenital or acquired weakness of levator muscle or paresis of a branch of CN 3 causing lid to droop compared to other eye.
What is Blephaitis
Inflammation of eyelash follicles & Meibomian glands. Red, swollen, crusty lid margins. Allergies, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis
What is a Stye (hordeolum)
Bacterial infection of a gland in an eyelash follicle. Well circumscribed red, swollen, tender pustule.
What is a chalazion?
Hard, painless papule on the eyelid. Due to obstruction of Meibowmian gland.
What is Ectropion?
Loss of orbicularis oculi muscle tone with ageing. Lower lid turns outward interfering with proper tear drainage. CN 7 palsy
What is Entropion?
Inversion of lower lid due to scar tissue formation on inner surface of lid. Eyelashes irritate cornea & conjunctiva
What is Dacryocystitis
Inflammation of the tear sac secondary to chronic obstruction or narrowing of the nasolacrimal duct. Painful swollen nodule between nose & eye.
What is the Conjuctiva?
The mucous membrane lining the inside of the lids & visible part of sclera.
What is contagious conjunctivitis?
Self-limiting bacterial or viral infection. Red, burning, itchy eyes. Discharge can stick eyes together at night. Minimal pain. Vessels dilate toward center of eye sparing limbus.
What is allergic or chemical conjunctivitis?
Less thick discharge. Red, swollen, itchy. Environmental irritants.
What is pinguecula?
Yellow elastic fibers from plaque on either side of cornea. Chronic irritation to bulbar conjunctiva.
What is Pterygium?
Sunny, dusty, windy conditions. Stimulate growth of pinguecula forming a vascular membrane extending over cornea.
What is subconjunctival hemorrhage
Microtraumas like coughing, straining, sneezing. Cause conjunctiva vessel to break trapping blood between clear mucous membrane & sclera
What is the sclera?
Tough, white outer coat of eye
What is a yellow sclera?
Sclera thins with age, fatty deposits. Jaundice. Antimalarial drugs.
What is a blue sclera?
Osteogenesis imperfecta allows choroid to show through
What is a brown sclera?
Patches of melanin, common in dark complexions
What is the cornea?
Highly reflective, dome-shaped, transparent extension of the sclera. Covers the iris & pupil.
What are corneal abrasions?
Painful, visual acuity disturbed, conjunctival vessels radiate out from limbus. Aggravated by blinking.
What is a corneal arcus/ring?
Grayish band along edge of limbus. 60
What is a Kayser-Fleischer ring?
Golden-brown band around limbus of cornea. Wilson’s disease- copper accumulation.
What is iritis?
Inflammation of iris due to trauma, secondary or idiopathic. Red, teary, constricted, sluggish pupil. Pain, decreased visual acuity.
What should the pupil look like?
PERRLA.. Equal, round, & reactive to light & accommodation
What is the direct light reflex?
Pupil should constrict briskly to light directed at it
What is the consensual (indirect) light reflex?
Contralateral pupil should constrict.
If the Contralateral pupil does not constrict what does that mean?
There’s a problem along the neural reflex path
What is the accommodation reflex?
Eyes constrict & converge as object moves closer
What is physiologic (congenital) anisocoria?
Pupil inequality
What is Anisocoria?
Inequality of pupil size, congenital or trauma
What is Adie’s tonic pupil
Fixed, dilated pupil with poor response to pupillary reflex; idiopathic
What is coloboma?
Failure of iris to close during fetal development.. Key-hole shaped pupil
What is Synechia
Irregular shaped pupil from adhesion of iris to cornea in front of it, or lens behind it. Blocks flow of aqueous fluid
What causes Synechia
Trauma, surgery, cataracts, glaucoma, iritis
What is argyll Robertson pupil
Decreased or absent response to light reflexes; pupils response to accommodation
What disease may cause argyll Robertson pupil
Syphilis
What is Horner syndrome
Miosis, ptosis, due to interruption of sympathetic nerve supply to eye
What is Horner syndrome often associated with
Damage to cervical sympathetic trunk from mediastinal tumors, bronchogenic or metastatic tumors
What is the most common form of glaucoma
Chronic glaucoma
What is conjunctivitis
Dilated vessels radiate from periphery toward limbus of cornea but don’t touch limbus, vision is clear, itchy, burning
What is corneal abrasion & iritis
Reported injury to eye followed by conjunctival & perilimbal injection, vision affected, constricted pupil, ocular pain
What is acute glaucoma
Sudden, unexpected, escalating eye pain, altered vision in one eye, corneal edema, perilimbal & conjunctival injection
