External Eye

Question 0

What is used to test near vision?

Answer 0

Rosenbaum chart or newspaper print held 14in away

Question 1

What charts are used to test far vision?

Answer 1

Snellen (20ft) and Sloan (10ft)

Question 2

Define hyperopia

Answer 2

Eye has far sight but poor near sight

Question 3

Define myopia

Answer 3

Eye has near sight but poor far sight

Question 4

Define presbyopia

Answer 4

With age lens loses it’s elasticity– diminished near sight but continued far sight

Question 5

What are vitreous floaters

Answer 5

> 50, moving cobwebs, spots, smudges, etc.

Question 6

How to test peripheral vision

Answer 6

Moving or wiggling fingers slowly into field of vision from top, bottom and sides of each eye.

Question 7

What cranial nerves are being tested through the cardinal planes of gaze?

Answer 7

3, 4 & 6

Question 8

What two tests can be used to check symmetrical alignment of the eyes and therefore binocular fixation?

Answer 8

Corneal light reflex and cover-uncover

Question 9

What is lid (lag) retraction?

Answer 9

Upper lid is slow to react as eye looks down. Exposes sclera between lid margin & iris.

Question 10

What could lid retraction suggest?

Answer 10

Hyperthyroidism, CN 7 damage, or tumor behind eye

Question 11

What is lid (sag) ptosis?

Answer 11

Congenital or acquired weakness of levator muscle or paresis of a branch of CN 3 causing lid to droop compared to other eye.

Question 12

What is Blephaitis

Answer 12

Inflammation of eyelash follicles & Meibomian glands. Red, swollen, crusty lid margins. Allergies, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis

Question 13

What is a Stye (hordeolum)

Answer 13

Bacterial infection of a gland in an eyelash follicle. Well circumscribed red, swollen, tender pustule.

Question 14

What is a chalazion?

Answer 14

Hard, painless papule on the eyelid. Due to obstruction of Meibowmian gland.

Question 15

What is Ectropion?

Answer 15

Loss of orbicularis oculi muscle tone with ageing. Lower lid turns outward interfering with proper tear drainage. CN 7 palsy

Question 16

What is Entropion?

Answer 16

Inversion of lower lid due to scar tissue formation on inner surface of lid. Eyelashes irritate cornea & conjunctiva

Question 17

What is Dacryocystitis

Answer 17

Inflammation of the tear sac secondary to chronic obstruction or narrowing of the nasolacrimal duct. Painful swollen nodule between nose & eye.

Question 18

What is the Conjuctiva?

Answer 18

The mucous membrane lining the inside of the lids & visible part of sclera.

Question 19

What is contagious conjunctivitis?

Answer 19

Self-limiting bacterial or viral infection. Red, burning, itchy eyes. Discharge can stick eyes together at night. Minimal pain. Vessels dilate toward center of eye sparing limbus.

Question 20

What is allergic or chemical conjunctivitis?

Answer 20

Less thick discharge. Red, swollen, itchy. Environmental irritants.

Question 21

What is pinguecula?

Answer 21

Yellow elastic fibers from plaque on either side of cornea. Chronic irritation to bulbar conjunctiva.

Question 22

What is Pterygium?

Answer 22

Sunny, dusty, windy conditions. Stimulate growth of pinguecula forming a vascular membrane extending over cornea.

Question 23

What is subconjunctival hemorrhage

Answer 23

Microtraumas like coughing, straining, sneezing. Cause conjunctiva vessel to break trapping blood between clear mucous membrane & sclera

Question 24

What is the sclera?

Answer 24

Tough, white outer coat of eye

Question 25

What is a yellow sclera?

Answer 25

Sclera thins with age, fatty deposits. Jaundice. Antimalarial drugs.

Question 26

What is a blue sclera?

Answer 26

Osteogenesis imperfecta allows choroid to show through

Question 27

What is a brown sclera?

Answer 27

Patches of melanin, common in dark complexions

Question 28

What is the cornea?

Answer 28

Highly reflective, dome-shaped, transparent extension of the sclera. Covers the iris & pupil.

Question 29

What are corneal abrasions?

Answer 29

Painful, visual acuity disturbed, conjunctival vessels radiate out from limbus. Aggravated by blinking.

Question 30

What is a corneal arcus/ring?

Answer 30

Grayish band along edge of limbus. 60

Question 31

What is a Kayser-Fleischer ring?

Answer 31

Golden-brown band around limbus of cornea. Wilson's disease- copper accumulation.

Question 32

What is iritis?

Answer 32

Inflammation of iris due to trauma, secondary or idiopathic. Red, teary, constricted, sluggish pupil. Pain, decreased visual acuity.

Question 33

What should the pupil look like?

Answer 33

PERRLA.. Equal, round, & reactive to light & accommodation

Question 34

What is the direct light reflex?

Answer 34

Pupil should constrict briskly to light directed at it

Question 35

What is the consensual (indirect) light reflex?

Answer 35

Contralateral pupil should constrict.

Question 36

If the Contralateral pupil does not constrict what does that mean?

Answer 36

There's a problem along the neural reflex path

Question 37

What is the accommodation reflex?

Answer 37

Eyes constrict & converge as object moves closer

Question 38

What is physiologic (congenital) anisocoria?

Answer 38

Pupil inequality

Question 39

What is Anisocoria?

Answer 39

Inequality of pupil size, congenital or trauma

Question 40

What is Adie's tonic pupil

Answer 40

Fixed, dilated pupil with poor response to pupillary reflex; idiopathic

Question 41

What is coloboma?

Answer 41

Failure of iris to close during fetal development.. Key-hole shaped pupil

Question 42

What is Synechia

Answer 42

Irregular shaped pupil from adhesion of iris to cornea in front of it, or lens behind it. Blocks flow of aqueous fluid

Question 43

What causes Synechia

Answer 43

Trauma, surgery, cataracts, glaucoma, iritis

Question 44

What is argyll Robertson pupil

Answer 44

Decreased or absent response to light reflexes; pupils response to accommodation

Question 45

What disease may cause argyll Robertson pupil

Answer 45

Syphilis

Question 46

What is Horner syndrome

Answer 46

Miosis, ptosis, due to interruption of sympathetic nerve supply to eye

Question 47

What is Horner syndrome often associated with

Answer 47

Damage to cervical sympathetic trunk from mediastinal tumors, bronchogenic or metastatic tumors

Question 48

What is the most common form of glaucoma

Answer 48

Chronic glaucoma

Question 49

What is conjunctivitis

Answer 49

Dilated vessels radiate from periphery toward limbus of cornea but don't touch limbus, vision is clear, itchy, burning

Question 50

What is corneal abrasion & iritis

Answer 50

Reported injury to eye followed by conjunctival & perilimbal injection, vision affected, constricted pupil, ocular pain

Question 51

What is acute glaucoma

Answer 51

Sudden, unexpected, escalating eye pain, altered vision in one eye, corneal edema, perilimbal & conjunctival injection