External Essay Terms

Question 1

Knowledge

Answer 1

justified true belief

Question 2

Math

Answer 2

axiomatized deductive system

Question 3

Axiom

Answer 3

a rule that is accepted (postulate)

Question 4

Deductive

Answer 4

math conclusions are deductively reasoned, so we are certain of all mathematical conclusions

Question 5

System

Answer 5

axioms set boundaries for math and then all math propositions within the axioms are interconnected

Question 6

Pure Math (2)

Answer 6

• Deals with no factual matters, no assertion about physical space
• Totally analytic, so we can have certainty about all conclusions

Question 7

Physical Math (2)

Answer 7

• The application of math to physical space it makes assertions about factual matters
• By giving the abstract primitive concepts a physical definition, you make pure → physical

Question 8

Natural Science

Answer 8

looking for regularities in the physical universe

Question 9

Paradigm

Answer 9

Universally recognized scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners

Question 10

Pre-Paradigm State

Answer 10

many theories, methods, and ideas, but no consensus between the scientist due to lack of a paradigm

Question 11

Mature Science (2)

Answer 11

• a paradigm has been formed with consensus, the field can now develop and there is jargon within the field
• more specific questions can be asked

Question 12

Normal Science

Answer 12

uses the paradigm to perform research there exist solutions, but scientist must get there to get the answer, similar to puzzle solving

Question 13

Anomaly

Answer 13

something that deviates from the paradigm, sometimes scientists can fix this, other times they cannot

Question 14

Crisis

Answer 14

when scientist cannot address anomaly, the rules are blurred and the paradigm breaks down

Question 15

Extraordinary Science

Answer 15

new paradigm is thought of, but there are debates to reach consensus

Question 16

Revolution

Answer 16

new paradigm is established and go back to normal science

Question 17

History

Answer 17

a continuous process of interaction between the historian and his facts, an unending dialogue between the present and the past

Question 18

Historian

Answer 18

selective through documents, they choose what is significant to develop their own interpretation

Question 19

What are some influences on a historian? (7)

Answer 19

• culture/place
• time
• available evidence
• historian’s attitudes
• scholarship
• philosophies of history
• perspectives of history

Question 20

How does available evidence influence a historian?

Answer 20

it can be a limitation if there is no access to resources (ex: fall of USSR more sources)

Question 21

How can a historian’s attitude be an influence?

Answer 21

historian’s personality and beliefs (ex: political/religious)

Question 22

How can philosophies of history influence a historian?

Answer 22

paradigms – the theories historians have about the forces driving events

Question 23

How can perspectives of history influence a historian?

Answer 23

specializations