Extended Response 1 Flashcards
Species interactions
Competition
Collaboration
Predation
Disease
Symbiotic
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism
Competition
Individuals compete for resources that limits their survival and reproduction
Eg trees competing for sunlight
Collaboration
Members of the same species work together to benefit all involved
Eg pack of lions working together to catch their prey
Predation
Predators kill prey
The increase in the prey population will also increase the predator population
But increased predator population will result in over hunting
Disease
The relationship between a disease and their host can increase or decrease a species genetic diversity, their resilience and adaptive ability
Parasitism
Parasite benefits, at expense of host
Mutualism
Both benefit
Commensalism
One benefits and the other isn’t bothered
Molecular sequences
- looking at similarities and differences in DNA sequences help scientists to classify organisms
- order of DNA affects physical features
- order of amino acids and similarities between organisms help identify if they are related
Physical features
Physical characteristics is the simplest ways of classifying organisms
Taxonomic levels
- domain
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
Evolutionary relatedness
Finding whether organisms are related helps to classify them
All living things have a common ancestor and organisms can adapt over time and create new species
Phylogenetic trees help to find evolutionary relatedness
Terrestrial environments
- tundra
- deserts
- grasslands
- forests
Aquatic environments
- oceans
- lakes
-rivers - bays
- estuaries
- streams
- ponds
- swamps
Abiotic factors
- sunlight
- oxygen
- water
- temperature
- rainfall
- altitude
- substrate
Biotic factors
- predators
- prey
- competitors
- parasites
- pathogens
Component species
Ecosystems are often named after the dominant species present
Substrate
The supporting surface on which organisms grow
- the physical and chemical features of the soil help to determine what what plants can grow there
Climate in classification
Temperature, levels of water, light and water and help classify an environment
Climate also helps determine the biodiversity of an environment and what plants and animals live there, eg desert
Biotic and abiotic factors in classification
A - temperature, altitude and availability of water help to classify environments
B - the types if prey, predators and competitors help classify environments
Biotic component- Energy Flow
- energy from the sun is captured by producers (autotrophs) and make it into chemical energy through photosynthesis
- energy is transferred along food chain and used by consumers (Heterotrophs) that rely on producers for energy directly or indirectly
- only 10% of energy is transferred at each link, the rest is lost to heat
Sun
- the sun provides most of the earths energy as solar energy
- plants capture and transform it into glucose which can then cycle through ecosystems
Biogeochemical cycle
- the pathway of matter through the living and non-living components of an ecosystem
Food webs
Show the possible feeding relationships in an ecosystem
Producer, tertiary consumers, secondary consumer, apex predators
Biomass
The total mass of biological matter in a given area, measured as dry weight
Biomass pyramid
Shows the total amount of dry organic matter at each trophic level
Methods of reproduction
Sexually ( mixing of gametes) and Asexually ( without gametes)
- the way that organisms reproduce helps scientists to divide and classify then
Mammals
Eutherian - give birth to fully developed offspring
Marsupials- give birth to not yet fully developed and grows in pouch
Monotreme - mammals that lay eggs
