Express Flashcards
(267 cards)
1
Q
denote v
A
to mean something = represent, signify, stand for, symbolize
he colour red is used to denote passion or danger.
2
Q
vexed adj =
extremely vexed / vexed at or with someone
A
1- annoyed, frustrated, or worried.
2- problematic, difficult to deal with or understand, troubling
2- Economists argue over the vexed question of how to reduce spending.
1- he had a vixed look
3
Q
indignant adj
A
angry because of an unfair situation or someone’s unfair treatment : aggrieved , resentful
She wrote an indignant letter / he became indignant at the accusation
4
Q
perch v perched adj v
A
If you perch on something, you sit down lightly on the very edge or tip of it.
The village is perched on top of a high hill.
pigeons perching on the roof
5
Q
bounded v, adj
A
1- sure, certain,very likely, definate to happen,
2- restricted by, confined, limited
3- serious or determined to do something,resolved
4-having a moral or legal duty to do something:(duty-bound, obliged
5- tied
6- coverd books or documnets
1- I’m bound this will happend = certain
2- Our lives are bounded by work, family and television
3- he is bound to build his home
4- The company is bound by a special agreement
5- the bound hair, the bound hands of the innocents
6- The book was bound in shiny green leather / new documents are contained in a single bound volume.
6
Q
bound n,v
A
1-leap, jump,spring, jump
2- rebound= bounce or increases or improves quickly and suddenly.
3- boundary, enclose, surround, confine, terminate
4-to set limits to, confine
1- deer bounding across a field, She bounded down the stairs.
2- a bounding rubber ball / The shares bounded ahead a further 11p to 311p.
3- The state is bounded on its east by the Connecticut River
4- art … is always greater than the rules with which we may attempt to bound it
7
Q
- I’m pretty desk-bound, which is very frustrating.
- a glimmer of sun on a frost-bound field.
- a tradition-bound university.
A
- describe a person who finds it impossible or very difficult to leave the specified place.
- describe a place that is greatly affected by the specified type of weather.
- describe something or someone that is prevented from working properly or is badly affected by the specified situation.
8
Q
set exam vs sit an exam
A
prepare vs take an exam
9
Q
await v
awaited; awaiting; awaits
eagerly awaited
A
wait for, expect
He’s awaiting trial,
there will be a A nasty surprise awaited them
10
Q
vulgar adj
vulgarity
Synonyms: tasteless, crudeness, rudeness, coarse, gross, EARTHY, indecent
A
marked by lack of taste, culture, delicacy, manners.
rude behavior or bad quality .
- I think it’s a very vulgar house.
- The film is tasteless, vulgar and even badly shot.
11
Q
scorching adj
A
hot, sweltering ,broiling
12
Q
ravenous adj
A
starving starved very hungry
13
Q
parched adj
A
dried out or up, or very thirsty
parched earth/fields/corn
14
Q
destitute adj
A
1- penniless, poor, impoverished, poverty-stricken
2- lacking something needed or desirable
1-a destitute old man
2- a lake destitute of fish
15
Q
sluggish adj
A
very slow, inactive
16
Q
jubilant adj
A
exultant, overjoyed, rejoicing , very happy, thrilled ,delighted
17
Q
squalid adj
A
DIRTY, FILTHY, FOUL, NASTY, SQUALID
18
Q
tangible adj
Palpable, real
A
perceptible by touch / or real and not imaginary; able to be shown, touched, or experienced:
19
Q
prototype v , n
prelude, preliminary
A
a first, typical or preliminary model of something, from which other forms are developed or copied.
20
Q
rigorous adj
meticulous conscientious punctilious
A
extremely precise, strict, harsh, severe
21
Q
Dictate v
A
1- order
2- to influence something by making it necessary
3- (dictate of conscience/common sense )
-
1- The UN will dictate the terms of troop withdrawal from the region.
2- The characteristics of the land dictate much of what can be built. / I wanted to take a year off, but my financial situation dictated that I got a job.
3- dictate of conscience/common sense A jury must make its decision according to the dictates of conscience/common sense and the laws of the country.
22
Q
Binge n v
A
1- a drinking/eating/spending binge
to do a lot of something:
V: I tend to binge on ice cream when I’m lonely.
1- He’s on a binge, eating everything
in sight. / He went on a five day
2- bingeing on beer and pretzels
3- a weekend-long TV binge
23
Q
reputable adj
esteemed, reputed, recognized,respectable,
A
having a good reputation: known to be honest and to do good work:
- a reputable company/dealer/brand
- Buy shares only from reputable sources.
24
Q
Amendment n
correction, adjustment, alteration, modification
A
a change or changes made to the words of a text:
a change to a law, either one that has already been passed or one that is still being discussed:
25
tenacious adj
tenacity n
## Footnote
pertinacious, dogged, insistent, persistent, unyielding, resolved, determined
1- unwilling to accept defeat or stop doing or having something:
2- holding tightly onto something, or keeping an opinion in a determined way:
- The baby took my finger in its tenacious little fist.
- There has been tenacious local opposition to the new airport.
26
linear adj
consisting of or related to straight lines:
or (esp. of stories or ideas) continuing in a clear and reasonable way from one part to the next:
direct and clear:
27
Sequential adj
forming or following in a logical order or sequence.
28
beautification
the process of improving the appearance of someone or something:
29
hypocrite adj
someone who says they have particular moral beliefs but behaves in way that shows these are not sincere:
30
interrogate v
ask questions of (someone, especially a suspect or a prisoner) closely, aggressively, or formally.
The man was held and interrogated for five hours.
31
reciprocate v
respond to (a gesture or action) by making a corresponding one.
We gave them information, but they didn’t reciprocate.
Hemingway loved Stein and she reciprocated his love.
Sadly, my feelings for him were not reciprocated.
32
drafty adj
(of an enclosed space) cold and uncomfortable because of currents of cool air.
33
furnace n
a container for holding burning substances, usually to heat buildings or to melt metals and other materials
34
Census n
an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals.
35
procrastinating n
to keep delaying something that must be done, often because it is unpleasant or boring:
36
curfew n
a rule that everyone must stay at home between particular times, usually at night, especially during a war or a period of political trouble:
- to impose/lift a curfew
- a midnight curfew
- He was shot for breaking (= not obeying) the curfew.
or a time by which a child must be home in the evening:
- You'll be in trouble if you get home after curfew.
- Past his/her curfew
37
futility n futile adj
pointlessness or uselessness.
38
prevailing adj
current
The bank said it will buy the shares at the prevailing market price.
prevailing economic/market conditions
39
perilous adj
dangerous , hazardous, risky ,unsafe
| extremely dangerous:
40
phony adj
raudulent, spurious, fake, deceptive
41
lo and behold
something that you say when you tell someone about something surprising that happened
42
arbitrary adj
based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.
arbitrary decision-making
Did you have a reason for choosing your destination or was it arbitrary?
43
adherent of adj
supporter defender advocate or sticky
an adherent surface
She has been an adherent of home schooling for years.
44
populist adj
a person or a politician
45
gloopy adj
= thick or sticky
46
spontaneously adv
= naturally without being planned
47
intuitive adj
= based on feelings rather than facts or proof: instinctive
48
contract v
= decrease, shrink, diminish, get smaller, reduce, decline
49
assimilate v
= integrate or understand or absorbed by the body
50
distilled , distill, distillation =
the action of purifying a liquid by a process of heating and cooling.
51
layer v =
to arrange something in layers
52
improvise v
extemporize : create and perform (music, drama, or verse) spontaneously or without preparation.
53
cascade v n
to fall quickly and in large amounts:
coins cascaded from/out of the fruit machine.
a small waterfall, often one of a group
54
crucifixion n
the act of killing someone by fixing that person to a cross and leaving him or her to die, or the death of Jesus on a cross
55
altitude n
the height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level.
The city of Denver is situated at an altitude of almost exactly one mile.
We are currently flying at an altitude of 15,000 metres.
Mountain climbers use oxygen when they reach higher altitudes.
56
outlaw v
ban; make illegal.
| banish exile expel ban bar prohibit forbid
57
aggravate v
compound
58
bulldozed blldozer
clear (ground) or destroy (buildings, trees, etc.) with a bulldozer.
59
condominiums
a building or complex of buildings containing a number of individually owned apartments or houses.
60
patriotic adj
having or expressing devotion to and vigorous support for one's country.
61
pierce v
(of a sharp pointed object) go into or through (something).
62
nauseating
sickening nauseous sickly disgusting
| causing or liable to cause a feeling of nausea or disgust; disgusting.
63
gravity n
seriousness importance significance
| extreme or alarming importance; seriousness.
64
inanimate adj
not alive, especially not in the manner of animals and humans.
65
involuntarily adv
in a way that is not willing, intentional, or by choice:
Many workers claimed that they were involuntarily exposed to secondhand smoke.
Her arms and legs began to shake involuntarily.
The law made it easier to involuntarily commit the mentally ill to a psychiatric hospital.
66
pivot ,v
to turn or twist, rotate, swivel
She pivots her left foot.
He pivoted on his heels and headed out.
Future deals will pivot on (= depend on) easing commercial conflicts.
67
pivot n
a fixed point supporting something which turns or balances, or a person or thing on which something else depends:
68
audit v
attend (a class) informally, not for academic credit.
| conduct an official financial examination of (an individual's or organization's accounts).
69
audit n
an official examination of the accounts of a business:
70
Nepotism n
favoritism, preferential, treatment
| the practice among those with power or influence of favoring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs.
71
stigmatize v
condemn, denounce, label, mark out
describe or regard as worthy of disgrace or great disapproval.
People should not be stigmatized on the basis of race.
72
skeptic n
a person inclined to question or doubt all accepted opinions.
73
agonizing adj
excruciating, harrowing, racking, searing, extremely painful, acute, severe, torturous
causing extreme physical or mental pain or causing extreme worry:
- an agonizing death
74
recoil v
suddenly spring or flinch back in fear, horror, or disgust.
He leaned forward to kiss her and she recoiled in horror.
I recoiled from the smell and the filth.
She wondered how it would be to touch him and recoiled at the thought.
75
encompass v
cover, surround, include, cover
to include different types of things:/ surround and have or hold within.
-The plan encompasses repaving the street and planting 40 new trees.
76
negligible adj
trivial trifling insignificant unimportant minor inconsequential
so small or unimportant as to be not worth considering; insignificant.
77
pensive adj
thoughtful reflective meditative
| quiet and thinking seriously:
78
combative adj
pugnacious aggressive argumentative
| eager to fight or argue:
79
interrelated adj
connected in such a way that each thing has an effect on or depends on the other:
interrelated problems/issues/activities
Anxiety and depression are often interrelated.
80
reciprocate reciprocated v
respond to (a gesture or action) by making a corresponding one / If a part of a machine reciprocates, it moves backwards and forwards:
Some electric razors have reciprocating heads.
We gave them information, but they didn’t reciprocate.
Hemingway loved Stein and she reciprocated his love.
81
piques v
stimulate arouse rouse provoke excite
excite or cause interest:
Labor law piqued his interest in law school.
82
pervasive adj
prevalent pervading permeating extensive
present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place:
The influence of Freud is pervasive in her books.
a pervasive smell of diesel
83
stagnate v
(of water or air) cease to flow or move; become stagnant./ to stay the same and not grow or develop:
The electronics industry is showing signs of stagnating after 15 years of growth.
Relationships have to keep moving forward or they stagnate and die.
84
counterintuitive adj counter-intuitive
Something that is counter-intuitive does not happen in the way you would expect it to:
Steering a sailboat is counter-intuitive - you push the tiller the opposite way to the way you want to go.
85
intangible adj
unable to be touched or grasped; not having physical presence.
She has that intangible quality which you might call charisma.
intangible assets such as goodwill
86
bewilder v
baffle mystify perplex puzzle confuse
| cause (someone) to become perplexed and confused.
87
bestow bestowed v
confer, grant
to give something as an honour or present: a title, degree, benefit, or right
The George Cross is a decoration that is bestowed upon/on British civilians for acts of great bravery.
88
seemingly adv
apparently, on the face of it, to all appearances, as far as one can see/tell
according to the facts that you know:
89
receptive adj
willing to listen to and accept new ideas and suggestions:
90
adversity n
difficulties; misfortune.
91
insightful adj
having or showing an accurate and deep understanding; perceptive.
She has written an insightful account of the modern art world.
He was, of course, very funny and insightful.
92
Imaginative adj
creative visionary inspired inventive resourceful ingenious original innovative innovatory
having or showing creativity or inventiveness.
93
novel adj
new or unusual in an interesting way.
| unusual unfamiliar unconventional
94
mathematician n
an expert in or student of mathematics.
95
Unearth v
find (something) in the ground by digging./ to discover proof or some other information, especially after careful searching:
- A private detective has unearthed some fresh evidence.
- Building at the site was halted after human remains were unearthed earlier this month.
96
lump
chunk, hunk, piece, mass
| a compact mass of a substance, especially one without a definite or regular shape.
97
pride itself/themselves/yourself on sth
to value a special quality or ability that you have:
| He prides himself on his singing.
98
inventiveness n
the quality of being inventive; creativity.
99
vigorous adj
robust, healthy, hale and hearty, strong sturdy
very forceful or energetic/ healthy and strong:
- vigorous growth/debate/exercise
100
intellect n intellectual adj
mental, cognitive, rational
the ability to understand and to think in an intelligent way:
- He is a man more noted for his intellect than his charm.
101
unrelenting adj
implacable, inflexible, uncompromising, unyielding, unbending, relentless, determined
extremely determined; never becoming weaker or admitting defeat:
102
discrepancy n
difference, disparity, variance, variation
a difference between two figures, results, etc. that are expected to be the same:
- a huge/growing/wide discrepancy
- account for/explain a discrepancy: An official spokesman refused to explain the discrepancy.
103
trek v
go on a long arduous journey, typically on foot./ to walk a long distance, usually over land such as hills, mountains, or forests:
- Many people trekked for miles to reach safety.
- We spent the day trekking through forests and over mountains.
104
pitch v
to move or be moved suddenly, especially by throwing or being thrown:
She pitched the stone into the river.
The ball pitched (= landed) short.
The bike hit a rut and I was pitched (forward) onto the road.
The ship pitched up and down/from side to side in the rough seas.
105
hazard n,v
n : danger risk threat
v: risk , jeopardize, endanger, gamble
v : put (something) at risk of being lost.
106
mortify v
embarrass, humiliate, chagrin, discomfit, shame
- The thought of the incident still mortified her.
- He’s mortified by the fact that at 38 he still lives at home with his mother.
107
normalize v
bring or return to a normal condition or state.
- They claim that the new drug normalizes blood pressure.
- Relations between the two countries are gradually normalizing.
108
mitigate v
alleviate, reduce, diminish, lessen, weaken, lighten, attenuate, ease
109
remorse n
contrition, deep regret, repentance, penitence, guilt
deep regret or guilt for a wrong committed.
110
glint v
shine, gleam, catch the light, glitter, sparkle, twinkle, glimmer, shimmer, glisten, flash, glister
111
offset n v
counterbalance, balance (out), cancel (out) ,even out/up, counteract
counteract (something) by having an opposing force or effect.
The extra cost of travelling to work is offset by the lower price of houses here.
112
mounting adj
increase, grow, rise, escalate, soar, spiral,
gradually increasing:
mounting anxiety/excitement
mounting debts
113
lessen v
reduce, make less/smaller, minimize, decrease, diminish, decline, subside, weaken
A healthy diet can lessen the risk of heart disease.
114
longshoreman n
docker , stevedore
| a person employed in a port to load and unload ships.
115
porch n
a covered shelter projecting in front of the entrance of a building.
116
carpool n v
a group of people who travel together, especially to work or school, usually in a different member's car each day
117
Leasing n
grant (property) on lease; let , rent out
118
thrift shop
A thrift shop or thrift store is a shop that sells used goods cheaply and gives its profits to a charity.
119
storefronts us shopworn uk
the part of a shop that faces the road:
120
dime n
an American or Canadian coin that has the value of ten cents / used in expressions to refer to a very small amount of money:
121
patronize v
to speak to or behave towards someone as if they are stupid or not important:
look down on, talk down to, put down, treat like a child
frequent (a store, theater, restaurant, or other establishment) as a customer.
do business with, buy from, shop at, be a customer of, be a client of
-restaurants remaining open in the evening were well patronized
122
circumstance n
financial or material welfare.
- Grants are available depending on your circumstances.
- By now she was alone and living in reduced circumstances (= with little money).
123
rusty adj
out of practice, below par, unpracticed ,deficient, impaired, weak
(of knowledge or a skill) impaired by lack of recent practice.
124
blackout n
a failure of electrical power supply: power failure power outage
125
sully v
damage the purity or integrity of someones's reputation ; defile.
- His reputation, he said, had been unfairly sullied by half-truths and innuendos.
126
inexcusable adj
too bad to be justified or tolerated.
| indefensible, unjustifiable, unwarranted, unpardonable, unforgivable,
127
hoarding n
the act of collecting large amounts of something and keeping it for yourself, often in a secret place:
- The food shortages have been exacerbated by hoarding.
128
ramification n
consequence, result, outcome, effect
| a consequence of an action or event, especially when complex or unwelcome.
129
impulsive adj
impetuous, spontaneous, hasty, rash, reckless, careless
| acting or done without forethought.
130
safecracker n
a person who breaks open and robs safes.
131
resourceful adj
ingenious, enterprising, inventive, creative, clever
| having the ability to find quick and clever ways to overcome difficulties.
132
risk-averse adj
unwilling to take risks or wanting to avoid risks as much as possible:
133
trenches
ditch, channel, trough, excavation
| a narrow hole that is dug into the ground:
134
lateral adj
sideways, sidewise, sideward, edgewise
| relating to the sides of an object or plant or to sideways movement:
135
entrench v
ingrained, established, well-established,
fixed, deep-seated, deep-rooted
establish (an attitude, habit, or belief) so firmly that change is very difficult or unlikely.
136
novice n
beginner, neophyte, newcomer, initiate, fledgling, apprentice, trainee
a person new to or inexperienced in a field or situation.
137
intuition
instinct, intuitiveness, sixth sense
138
Grabble v
Wrestle, struggle, fight
to fight, especially in order to win something:
The children grappled for the ball.
139
iterate v
Perform repeatedly
to repeat a process, especially as part of a computer program
140
Geared adj
Designed or adjusted in specific way esp in machines
These application were more geared toward developer but not ordinary people
141
moderator
Arbitrator, mediator
the manager of a public discussion:
The moderator allowed each side two minutes to sum up at the end of the televised debate.
142
untiquical
Not traditional or conventional
143
corrosion n
the process of corroding, or metal that has been corroded:
There was a lot of corrosion on the bottom of the car.
figurative We are witnessing the corrosion of moral standards within our society.
144
Cohort n
Supporter of a leader or A group of people who share a characteristic, usually age:
About 42% of women in this age cohort have a college degree.
This year's cohort of graduates will have particular difficulties finding jobs.
145
articulate v
to express in words:
I found myself unable to articulate my feelings.
Many people are opposed to the new law, but have had no opportunity to articulate their opposition
146
overlap v
extend over so as to cover partly.
The fence is made of panels that overlap (each other).
My musical tastes don't overlap with my brother's at all.
147
typo n
a typographical error.
148
Precipitation n
rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to the ground.
149
deem v
regard or consider in a specified way.
| consider, regard as, view as, see as
150
pertain to something phrasal verb
concern, relate to, connected with, be relevant to
to relate to or have a connection with something:
regulations pertaining to high-tech industries
Seaweed’s properties, as they pertain to skin care, are still in dispute.
151
variable n, adj
n: ارقام متغيرات
adj : likely to change often:
a variable interest rate
British weather is perhaps at its most variable in the spring.
152
Curate very
select, organize, and look after the items in (a collection or exhibition).
A number of displays were carefully curated , scholarly exhibitions.
153
compelling adj
enthralling ,captivating
evoking interest, attention, or admiration in a powerfully irresistible way. or make u believe them because they are so strong
compelling evidence
It's a fairly compelling argument for going.
I found the whole film very compelling.
a compelling story
154
persona n
the aspect of someone's character that is presented to or perceived by others.
155
encompass v
include, cover or surround, embrace
The festival is to encompass everything from music, theater, and ballet to literature, cinema, and the visual arts.
He it was whom the sorrows of death encompassed …
156
albeit
although
The evening was very pleasant, albeit a little quiet.
He tried, albeit without success.
157
mirror v
(of a reflective surface) show a reflection of.
or to represent something honestly:
Our newspaper aims to mirror the opinions of ordinary people.
158
competent adj
having the necessary ability, knowledge, or skill to do something successfully.
a competent secretary/rider/cook
I wouldn't say he was brilliant but he is competent at his job.
159
shortcomings n
defect fault flaw imperfection deficiency limitation
a fault or a failure to reach a particular standard:
Whatever his shortcomings as a husband, he was a good father to his children.
Like any political system, it has its shortcomings.
My father had some shortcomings as a businessman, but he was a good father.
160
Deploy v
to use something or someone, especially in an effective way:
The company is reconsidering the way in which it deploys its resources/staff.
My job doesn't really allow me fully to deploy my skills/talents.
or:
to move soldiers or equipment to a place where they can be used when they are needed:
The decision has been made to deploy extra troops/more powerful weapons.
161
extendable adj
Something that is extendable can be made longer:
an extendable ladder
The lease on the office is extendable.
162
affluent adj
rich, wealthy, opulent
| affluent nations/neighbourhoods
163
dependability n
debendable
the quality of being trustworthy and reliable.
| the brand has built its reputation on rock-solid dependability
164
versatility n
the quality of being versatile (= able to change easily or to be used for different purposes):
I have chosen these recipes to show the versatility of vegetables.
He wanted to challenge the actors and demonstrate their versatility.
165
gravitate v
move toward , be attracted to, influinced by
- Many young people now gravitate toward careers in the computer industry.
- People tend to gravitate to the beaches here.
- The water has gravitated three miles away from the seat of pumping
166
incremental adj
happening gradually, in a series of small amounts:
We plan to make incremental improvements to our existing products.
The system requires fundamental reform rather than incremental change.
167
articulate v
specify define clearly
168
attainable adj
feasible, viable, achievable, doable, obtainable, reachable, accessible, within reach at hand
yields in excess of 6% are easily attainable:
169
actionable
able to act on
170
delegate v
delegate n
1- assign, give, (to give a job, responsibility, authority, powers to someone)
2- to choose someone to represent a group; elected
N: a delegate to a meeting/conference: elected to represent a group
171
stellar adj
of a star or stars:
a stellar explosion
stellar light
172
Indiscriminate adj
promiscuous, random, unselective
Not showing careful choice or planning, especially so that harm results:
an indiscriminate terrorist attack on civilians
The indiscriminate use of fertilizers can cause long-term problems.
Cancer is completely indiscriminate in whom it strikes.
173
indiscriminately adv
Randomly,
| Words like "organic" and "natural" are used so indiscriminately that they are often meaningless.
174
pioneer v n
to be one of the first people to do something:
It was universities that pioneered these new industries.
He was a pioneer in big-band jazz.
175
Asylum n
| refuge, harbor, shelter,haven, sanctuary,
protection or safety, especially that given by a government to people who have been forced to leave their own countries for their safety or because of war:
to seek/apply for political asylum
a mental hospital, or any other institution giving shelter and other help to poor or suffering people:
He was committed to an insane asylum in 1899.
176
iterate v
repeat
perform or utter repeatedly.
the bird's call is a monotonously iterated single note
177
converging adj converge v
| opoosite; diverge
join, meet, intersect, cross, come together, connect
1- If lines, roads, or paths converge, they move towards the same point where they join or meet:
- The paths all converge at the main gate of the park.
- Due to roadworks, three lanes of traffic have to converge into two.
2- to move toward the same point and come closer together or meet:
- Six fire trucks converged on the burning factory.
- Ambulances, police cars, and fire engines all converged on the scene.
- 100,000 people are expected to converge on the town for the festival.
178
flair n
aptitude, talent, gift, knack , instinct, natural ability, capability, capacity
natural ability to do something well:
He has a flair for languages.
179
extraneous adj
irrelevant, not related, immaterial, beside the point, not to the point
- extraneous information
- These questions are extraneous to the issue being discussed.
180
monotonous adj
boring, dull, tedious, and repetitious; lacking in variety and interest.
the statistics that he quotes with monotonous regularity
181
explicit adj
clear, direct, plain, obvious, straightforward, clear-cut, crystal clear, clearly expressed
stated clearly and in detail, leaving no room for confusion or doubt.
- I gave her very explicit directions how to get here.
- She was very explicit about what she thought was wrong with the plans.
- you certainly didn't make it explicit
182
conceptualize v
conceive, imagine, picture, think of
to form an idea or principle in your mind:
- we can more easily conceptualize speed in miles per hour
- He argued that morality could be conceptualized (= thought about) as a series of principles based on human reason.
183
infer v
deduce, conclude, come to the conclusion, draw the inference
deduce or conclude (information) from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements.
- from these facts we can infer that crime has been increasing
- What do you infer from her refusal?
- I inferred from her expression that she wanted to leave.
184
decipher v
decode, firgure out
convert (a text written in code, or a coded signal) or badly written into normal language.
- Can you decipher the writing on this envelope?
185
retrieve v
get back, recover, regain (possession of), win back ,reclaim, repossess , redeem
get or bring (something) back; regain possession of.
- We taught our dog to retrieve a ball.
- Computers are used to store and retrieve information efficiently.
- Did they manage to retrieve anything from the fire?
- Goodwill that is lost is extremely difficult to retrieve.
186
concatenate v
connected, chain, joins, link, compound
link (things) together in a chain or series.
- some words may be concatenated, such that certain sounds are omitted
- The filename is a series of concatenated words with no spaces.
187
negligible adj
trivial, trifling, insignificant, unimportant, minor, of no account of, no consequence
-The difference between the two products is negligible.
My knowledge of German is negligible.
- negligible effect/impact The rise in the minimum wage will have a negligible effect on jobs.
negligible - growth/improvement The economy had begun to crawl out of four years of negligible growth.
188
convention n
| traditional, ordinary
## Footnote
opposite: unconventional
a usual or accepted way of behaving, especially in social situations, often following an old way of thinking or a custom in one particular society:
- They defied/flouted/broke with convention by giving up their jobs and becoming self-sufficient.
- Convention dictates that it is the man who asks the woman to marry him and not the other way round.
- In many countries it is the/a convention to wear black at funerals.
189
legibility n
readability, clarity, readableness, ease of reading
the quality of being clear enough to read.
- we've increased the type size for greater legibility
190
truncated adj truncate v
shorten sth or make it quicker, especially by removing the end of something:
- The book is also published in a miniature and truncated version.
- Calculate the area of the surface of the truncated cone.
191
Arguably adv
possibly, feasibly, probably, maybe, perhaps, potentially
it may be argued (used to qualify the statement of an opinion or belief).
- she is arguably the greatest woman tennis player of all time
192
aggregate v,adj,n
total, combined ,whole, gross, accumulated,
to combine into a single group or total
193
inference n
conclusion,deduction, induction,
ratiocination, guesstimate, conjecture, speculation
a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.
194
recreational adj
relating to or denoting activity done for enjoyment when one is not working.
recreational activities/facilities/interests/use/resources
Recreational fishing is allowed on the river.
195
velocity n
speed at which an object is travelling or develops or happens
- Light travels at the highest achievable velocity in the universe.
- He always used high velocity lead bullets in his rifle.
- If national companies cannot produce at the same velocity that people demand goods, they need to import them from outside.
- Online payments have improved the velocity of trade.
## Footnote
pace, speed,
196
burgeoning adj burgeon v
increase rapidly/exponentially, develop quickly, flourish, grow rapidly, expand ,spring up
burgeoning demand/industry
197
ripple n v
a small wave on the surface of water:
The stone she threw caused ripples to spread across the lake.
picture of ripple
198
refrain v
stop oneself, abstain, desist, hold back, ,
| stop oneself from doing something.
199
pleading n
مرافعة
- arguments used by lawyers when they are defending or accusing someone in a court of law:
- the action of making an emotional or earnest appeal to someone.
200
acumen n
skill in making correct decisions and judgments in a particular subject, such as business or politics:
She has considerable business/financial/legal acumen.
## Footnote
keenness, intelligence, sharpness
201
reimbursement n reimburse v
repay, pay back
the action of repaying a person who has spent or lost money.
She has received reimbursement for some of her costs.
Employees can apply for reimbursement of travel expenses.
202
Prerequisite adj
requirement
required as a prior condition.
Passing a written test is a prerequisite for taking the advanced course.
Public support is a prerequisite for/to the success of this project.
They had to agree to certain conditions as a prerequisite of being lent the money.
203
fluid adj
1- smooth and continuous/ having a flowing or changing quality:
fluid movements
His piano playing was beautifully fluid, adding grace to every song he played.
2- likely to change, not solid
The situation remains fluid – we offered her the job, but she hasn’t responded yet.
204
autonomous adj/ autonomously adv / autonomy n
indedependent, self-governing
1- of a vechile قيادة ذاتية
2- of a country or region or organization having the freedom to govern itself or control its own affairs.
Managers are able to recruit casual staff autonomously, without central control.
205
camouflage v n
disguise, hide ,conceal
hide or disguise the presence of (a person, animal, or object) by means of camouflage.
- Using smoke as (a) camouflage, the army advanced up the hill.
- He believed that her kindness was merely a camouflage for her real intentions.
206
susceptible v
1- likely, liable to, prone to, subject to, inclined, influenced
2- harmed by something, vulnerable
She isn't very susceptible to flattery.
These plants are particularly susceptible to frost.
Among particularly susceptible children, the disease can develop very fast.
3- used to describe someone who is easily emotionally influenced:
They persuade susceptible teenagers to part with their money.
4- (especially of an idea or statement) able to be understood, proved, explained, etc. in a particular way:
Shakespeare's plays are susceptible to various interpretations.
UK The facts are susceptible of other explanations.
the problem is not susceptible of a simple solution
207
rejuvenate v
- having been given new energy or vigor; revitalized, energetic,
- restore old to prior state / he rejuvenates old cars
- to make something more effective, modern, and successful by using new ideas and methods:
He saw this as a chance to rejuvenate his career.
They decided to rejuvenate their flagship brand.
They're looking for ways to rejuvenate the economy.
## Footnote
renew, restore, revitalize, revive, repair, refresh,recharge
208
telepathy n
تخاطر mind reading, thought transference
209
unrequited adj
(of a feeling, especially love) not returned or rewarded./
unreciprocated,
210
legitimately adv
1- in a way that conforms to the law or to rules.
2- acceptable, allowed way reasonable,
211
inadvertently adv
accidentally, by accident, unintentionally
212
accord
1- agreement, compact, pact, treaty, covenant,
2- in accord with = comply
| peace accord,
213
prolong v / prolonged adj
of time or duration: lengthen , extend the duration of.
prolong their lives / pleasure/ their stay
prolonged drought
214
shuttle v/n
- to travel or take people regularly between the same two places:
- a form of transportation that travels regularly between two places.
215
capacity n
- ability
- role, position
- maximum volume, No., size can something hold
1- ability, capability,power to do a particular thing:
has capacity for/ beyond his capacity to/ within his capacity/ mental or physical capacity
2- job or position / in her capacity as a judge.
3- capacity audience/crowd, below capacity, beyond capacity
216
synthesis n
| synthesize v
- combine / produce
1- the combination of ideas to form a theory or system/ music / lyrics/ ideas
2- the production of a substance from simpler materials after a chemical reaction:
- The chemical compound was first synthesized in England in 1874.
- There are many vitamins that the body cannot synthesize itself
217
- bound to something
- bound to do something
- bound for something
- Certain, must happen
You're bound to forget people's names occasionally.
- having a moral or legal duty to do something:
She is not legally bound to pay the debts
- traveling in the direction of:
These two young musicians are bound for success.
She was on a plane bound for Fairbanks.
218
riveting adj
rivet v
to be rivited v
adj/ v: Compelling, engrossing, absorbing, very interesting, gripping, fascinating,
- It was an amazing film - I was absolutely riveted.
- His eyes were riveted on the television.
- He pulled out a gun and I was riveted to the spot (= so frightened that I could not move).
v: fasten or hold (someone or something) fast so as to make them incapable of movement.
219
pristine adj
Virgin freh and unspoiled, new or almost new, and in very good condition:
Washing machine for sale - only two months old and in pristine condition.
220
desecrate v
defile , profane something holy or respected:
221
commensurate v
corresponding in size, amount, extent, or degree
//was given a job commensurate with her abilities and experience
Synonyms
commensurable, proportional, proportionate
222
indelible adj
- of blood/ink/ marks/ spots = lasting, stubborn
- of memory/impression/experience = permanent, lasting, ingrained, Unforgettable, memorable, enduring, ineradicable
223
innocuous adj
= harmless ,safe ,hurtless,
~~ innocent, anodyne, benign
- an innocuous statement
- innocuous activities
- Some mushrooms look innocuous but are in fact poisonous.
224
abstain v
1- abstain from voting
2- abstain from alcohol/ sex/ drugs
3- abstain from work اضراب
== Refrain, desist,
~~ decline, refuse, reject, turn down
225
Shroud v n
1- كفن
Cover, dim, hide, keep secret
```
to keep secret or shut off from view
//shrouded the fact that the child had been adopted
```
```
to make dark, dim, or indistinct
//the smog shrouded our aerial view of the city
```
```
to surround or cover closely
//during rainy season the summit of the mountain is shrouded in mist
```
226
grievance n
- nurse grievance against somebody
- HR; File a grievance against somebody
Complaint, resentment or grudge
```
a lingering ill will towards a person for a real or imagined wrong
//this is no place to air your grievances against him
```
```
an expression of dissatisfaction, pain, or resentment
//she decided to file a formal grievance against the utility company
```
227
Curtail v
```
reduce, limit, Shorten, truncate
to make less in extent or duration
//curtailed the school day because of the stormy weather
```
228
impenetrable adj
= incomprehensible, ungraspable
```
impossible to get through or into
//the ancient temple was surrounded by vast stretches of impenetrable jungle
```
```
3 impossible to understand
//the textbook's language is completely impenetrable, at least to me
```
229
Lurk v =sneak
= move furtively or inconspicuously = secretly and unnoticeable
230
conspicuous adj
= visible , prominent, outstanding, distinguished, notable
231
1- apex n
2- pinnacle n
3- climax n
1- vertex, top, peak, climax, summit, pinnacle, mountaintop, zenith
the uppermost or highest point
2- pinnacle n = most successful point
3- climax n = the most important or exciting point in a story or situation
232
incessant adj
never stopping, especially in an annoying or unpleasant way
= ceaseless ,unceasing, constant, never-ending, perpetual, unremitting
233
Morale n
spirit of a group, enthusiasm
234
Uphold v
defend a principle or decision, advocate, support maintain, justify
235
Catalyst n
someone or something that causes a big change / or speed up an event or change
- the catalyst behind sth / The catalyst behind this welcome trend has been the mighty Bill Gates.
- catalyst for sth/ An outside leader is often needed to serve as a catalyst for change.
- a catalyst to (do) sth/ The Government will act as a catalyst to promote creative collaboration between businesses.
236
dubious adj
doubtful, uncertain, questionable, disputable
237
Depress v
1- drop, reduce, lower especially value, prices, profits, market, economy, earnings
2- slow down, press down
238
Hazy adj
1- unclear, uncertain memory or thoughts
2- Hazy Weather = foggy ( haze = fog), dim, cloudy
239
Dwindle v
became less, smaller, fewer
x dwindled to half
240
spur v
encourage,, stimulate, boost
241
Feleeting adj
quick, brief, transient, fugitive of thoughts and feelings, evanescent
242
Dismal adj
bad, sad, hopeless
243
Facet n
aspect, side of sth, feature, angel of sth
244
Barter v
exchange
245
propulsion n
a force that pushes something forward
Wind/ car/ electric propulsion
246
Peril n
serious danger, hazard
247
inexorable adj
impossible to stop,
~~~ inevitable, unavoidable,
248
spearhead v
= lead,
249
foremost adj
most important, best, preeminent
250
exacerbate v
make sth bad worse, aggravate, complicate, worsen, deteriorate, compound
251
Spawn n v
fish and frog eggs
252
trickle v
move slowly esp of liquids, dribble, flow
253
audacious adj
risky, bold, adventurous
254
forthcoming adj
1-soon, upcoming, approaching
2- helpful, willing to help
3- given ( forthcoming financial support, report)
255
Grueling adj
arduous, challenging, difficult,
256
Raze v
destroy buildings or cities (razed to ground) Erase, destroy, annihilate, demolish, tear down, devastate
257
Retract v
pull sth pack, take back
take back opinion/ statement/ promise/offer/ invitation/ confession/ allegation/ accusation/ criticism/ comment/ decision/
258
Supplant v
replace, supersede
259
Endow v
= provide, grant، fund, finance
1- grant money to support an organization (منحة),
*The state has endowed three institutes to do research for industry.
*This hospital was endowed by the citizens
*he endowed three chairs at Liverpool University
= gift, bless, provide, equip
2- endow with = someone provided or blissed with a quality, ability, or asset
* he was endowed with tremendous physical strength
*People think Jefferson was endowed with great wisdom.
*endowed with a good sense of humor
260
plausible adj
credible, reasonable, believable
1- likely to be true, or able to be believed:
- a plausible excuse/explanation
2- a person appears to be honest
- plausible salesman
261
confiscate v
confiscation n
مصادرة شيئ
= seize, impound ( take by authority)
= forfeit (lose property or right to someone or something)
1- to officially take private property away from someone, usually by legal authority or court
* The organization has notified U.S. Customs to confiscate all imported fire extinguishers with the counterfeit labels.
*The police arrested the suspect and impounded his car
*Companies in breach of the ruling may have certain assets impounded by the court.
* Illegally shipped cigarettes will be seized and forfeited to the state.
262
forfeit v
forfeit adj
forfeit n
1- forfeit a claim/right (to sth/to do sth)
*She forfeited her right to benefits because she did not notify the authorities of her change in circumstances.
*Failing to file paperwork on time could lead to forfeiting a claim to a prize.
*Not meeting development requirements on a piece of land could lead to forfeiting the claim to that land.
2- forfeit sth to sb/sth
*Illegally shipped cigarettes will be seized and forfeited to the state.
*Assets acquired through illegal activities can be forfeited to the government.
* If you don't shop on promotional days, u will forfeit access to discounts / applying discount codes
= lose - forgo - give up - give away - taken away by authority
1-lose or be deprived of (property or a right or privilege) as a penalty for wrongdoing.
* These people have forfeited the right to live in society.
* If you cancel now, you forfeit your deposit.
*Illegally shipped cigarettes will be seized and forfeited to the state
*A tenant forfeits their lease for non-payment of rent.
*A tenant forfeits their lease for non-payment of rent.
2- lose or give up (something) as a necessary consequence of something else. اختيار انسحاب من لعبة أو خسارة شيء مقابل آخر
* she didn't mind forfeiting an hour in bed to muck out the horses
* She had to forfeit the tennis match after she fell and hurt her wrist.
* England's players forfeited the match because of safety concerns.
--------------------------------------------------------
Noun = a fine or penalty for wrongdoing.
The team might have avoided the forfeits if it had handled the situation differently.
263
forgo v
= do without, give up, forfeit, refrain, abstain, avoid, refuse
1- go without (something desirable)
* she wanted to forgo the tea and leave while they could
*I'll forgo dessert tonight—I'm trying to lose weight
*She is planning to forgo her right to a trial and simply plead guilty.
2- (forgo the pleasure of )
*I shall have to forgo the pleasure of seeing you this week.
264
counterfeit adj, v, n
v = fake, Forge, imitate, copy, sham
adj = fake, forged, bogus, phony
noun= forgery, fraud,
1-made in imitation of something else with intent to deceive
*They were accused of counterfeiting credit cards and selling them. | verb
*A lot of brand-name merchandise sold on the streets is counterfeit. | adj
*Two women and a man have been convicted of counterfeiting $100 bills.| verb
*she had a counterfeit joy at her friend's engagement| adj
*my signature is extremely hard to counterfeit | verb
*Inspect the tickets carefully for possible counterfeits | noun
*Many of the watches sold on the market are counterfeits. | noun
265
forge v
forge n = blacksmith working area
forgery n = counterfeit
forged adj
1- counterfeit, fake, sham
to make an illegal copy of something in order to deceive:
*he was accused of forging his father’s signature on the check. | verb
* forged documents or passport | adj
* forgery is illegal | n
2- create with difficulty
* she forged a new career for herself as a singer
*Baker had worked for months to forge a peace plan that both sides could accept.
*forge an agreement/a compromise/a consensus
3- forge a bond/ alliance/ partnership/relationship = make successful bond
*The accident forged a close bond between the two families.
*The company is forging partnerships with a number of local companies.
4-- move forward suddenly and quickly:
* Just 100 metres from the finishing line Jackson forged ahead.
* She forged through the snow
5- to make things out of metal by heating it until it is
*He taught them to forge iron swords and spears
* a forged blade is best | adj
*a blacksmith's forge | noun = his working area
266
bogus adj
= false, phony, fake, counterfeit, sham, forged,
1- not real, not legal
*bogus claim/ documents/ passports/ website/ address/ bank account
* On investigation, his claim was found to be bogus.
* The evidence was completely bogus.
267
sham adj
adj = imposter, fake,
1- of ppl or objects
*It turned out that he wasn't a real doctor at all - he was just a sham.
*They made a fortune through some sham property deal.
*That jewellery looks sham to me.
*She's trapped in a sham (= not good or satisfying) marriage.
2- verb = pretend
*He isn't really upset - he's just shamming.
