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Exposures Final Review > Exposures Final Chapters 20-33 > Flashcards

Exposures Final Chapters 20-33 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the componet of A DIGITAL IMAGE known as the VOLUME OF TISSUE?

A

Voxel

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2
Q

As the matrix size increases what happens to spatial resolution?

A

Increases

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3
Q

GRAYSCALE PROCESSING INCLUDES WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?​

A

Creation of the histogram
Application of the LUT
Windowing

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4
Q

A GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF THE PIXELS OF THE IMAGE AND THE GRAYSCALE (VOI) THAT THEY REPRESENT IS KNOWN AS A/AN:​

A

Histogram

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5
Q

THE PROCESS THAT THE COMPUTER UNDERTAKES TO ALTER THE OUTPUT IMAGE FROM AN INPUT IMAGE THAT WAS PRODUCED BY EITHER OVEREXPOSURE OR UNDEREXPOSURE IS?

A

Rescaling

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6
Q

IDENTIFY ALL THE TYPES OF NOISE THAT CAN DEGRADE IMAGE QUALITY.

A

Quantum mottle
system noise
Ambient noise

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7
Q

WHEN USING THE PROCESS OF WINDOWING, CHANGING THE WINDOW WIDTH WILL CHANGE THE _________________ OF THE IMAGE.​

A

range of shades of gray

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8
Q

WHICH LAYER OF THE PSP IS CONSIDERED THE ACTIVE LAYER?​

A

Phosphor Layer

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8
Q

THE MEASURE OF SENSITIVITY AND ACCURACY BY WHICH THE IMAGE RECEPTOR CONVERTS THE INCOMING DATA TO THE OUTPUT VIEWING DEVICE IS KNOWN AS?

A

DQE (Detective Quantum Efficiency)

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9
Q

What is the name of the SUBSTANCE THAT COMMONLY MAKE UP THE ACTIVE LAYER OF MOST PSPS?​

A

barium fluorohalide bromides​

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10
Q

Where are latent images stored?

A

in the phosphor crystals of the PSP

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11
Q

HISTOGRAM ANALYSIS ERRORS CAN BE CAUSED BY WHAT?

A
  • selecting the wrong anatomical area
    -abrupt tissue density changes
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12
Q

WHAT EFFECT DOES A SMALL PIXEL PITCH HAVE ON IMAGE QUALITY? ​

A

increases image quality​.

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13
Q

THE PURPOSE OF THE LASER IN THE CR SCANNER-READER MACHINE IS TO?

A

liberate the energy stored in the phosphor layer of the PSP​.

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14
Q

THE MOST COMMON SCINTILLATOR MATERIAL IN FLAT PANEL RECEPTORS IS?

A

​
amorphous silicon

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15
Q

WHICH TECHNICAL COMPONENTS ARE AUTOMATED BY THE MACHINE WITH THE USE OF AEC?

A

kVp
mAs

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16
Q

What CAN CAUSE LOW-CONTRAST RESOLUTION ARTIFACTS IN DIGITAL IMAGING?

A

Clothing and linen
Positioning sponges

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17
Q

THE PROCESS OF IMAGE ANALYSIS INCLUDES WHAT?

A

-Image receptor exposure​
-Contrast​
-Spatial resolution​
-Distortion​

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18
Q

IN DIGITAL IMAGING, WHAT KVP AND PART THICKNESS INDICATE THAT GRID USE IS NECESSARY?​

A

80 kVp and 10 cm

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19
Q

SOURCE TO IMAGE RECEPTOR DISTANCE (SID) INFLUENCES?

A

Distortion
Sharpness

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20
Q

When the amount of scatter increases in an image what decreases?

A

Contrast

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21
Q

THE INVERSE SQUARE LAW DESCRIBES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN _________ AND __________.​

A

distance and beam intensity​

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22
Q

What controls shape distortion?

A

​
Beam-part-IR alignment

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23
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO FUNDAMENTAL REASONS WHY ALL RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGES DEMONSTRATE SOME DISTORTION?

A

long SIDs & long OIDs

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24
Q

HOW WILL A DIGITAL OR CR IMAGE THAT IS MARKEDLY UNDEREXPOSED APPEAR ON THE COMPUTER SCREEN?​

A

It will have quantum mottle​

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25
Q

INCREASING THE KVP WILL ALSO?

A

Increase the average energy of the x-ray photons​
Increases the quality of the x-ray photons​
Increases the penetrating power of the x-ray photons​

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26
Q

THE DIFFERENCE IN DENSITY BETWEEN ADJACENT AREAS IS A DEFINITION FOR WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?​

A

Contrast

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27
Q

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTENSITY OF THE BEAM AND SID IS​?

A

inversely proportional to the square of the distance​

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28
Q

WHEN AN IMAGE IS OVER OR UNDEREXPOSED, WHAT IS THE RULE OF THUMB FOR CHANGING MAS TO CORRECT THE PROBLEM?​

A

double or halve the mAs​

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29
Q

WITH DIGITAL IMAGING, HOW DOES THE TECHNOLOGIST DETERMINE THAT AN ADEQUATE NUMBER OF PHOTONS EXPOSED THE IR?​

A

review the exposure index number​

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30
Q

WHAT ARE THE PHOTOGRAPHIC PROPERTIES THAT DETERMINE THE VISIBILITY OF DETAIL IN A RADIOGRAPH?​

A

IR exposure, contrast and recorded detail​

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31
Q

What factor does not have an effect on contrast of an image?

A

The patient

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32
Q

SUBJECT CONTRAST RELATES TO WHAT?

A

The patient

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33
Q

HOW WILL THE USE OF RADIOGRAPHIC GRIDS AFFECT THE CONTRAST OF A RADIOGRAPH?​

A

produce higher contrast​

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34
Q

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF ELECTROSTATIC FOCUSING LENSES WITHIN AN IMAGE INTENSIFIER?​

A

propel the light photons towards the cathode​

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35
Q

WHAT IS THE FINAL IMAGE INTENSIFIER ENERGY CONVERSION THAT OCCURS BEFORE THE VISUALIZATION OF THE IMAGE ON A MONITOR?​

A

X-ray photon to light

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36
Q

What are the FUNCTIONS OF AUTOMATIC BRIGHTNESS CONTROL (ABS)

A

adjusting exposure factors​

controlling X-ray beam quantity​

controlling the size of the field of view​

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37
Q

WHEN PERFORMING A FLUOROSCOPIC PROCEDURE ON AN ADULT PATIENT, THE OPERATOR NOTES DECREASED IMAGE CONTRAST DUE TO HIGH SCATTER PRODUCTION. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STEPS WOULD IMPROVE THE IMAGE CONTRAST?​

A

Add a grid

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38
Q

IN FLUOROSCOPY, WHAT IS THE PRIMARY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE IMAGE RECORDING PROCESS OF AN IMAGE INTENSIFIER AND THE RECORDING PROCESS OF A FLAT PANEL DETECTOR?​

A

flat panel detectors utilize a Thin-Film-Transistor​

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39
Q

THE BUCKY SLOT COVER MUST HAVE WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PB EQUIVALENCE?​

A

0.25 mm​

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40
Q

HOW CAN OPERATORS IMPROVE IMAGE QUALITY WHEN PERFORMING A FLUOROSCOPY PROCEDURE USING AUTOMATIC BRIGHTNESS CONTROL?

A

-center the anatomical part of interest to the center of the image receptor​
-collimate to the size of the anatomical area​

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41
Q

HALF VALUE LAYER IS ASSOCIATED WITH?

A

filtration

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42
Q

MR/MAS AND MILLIAMPERES LINEARITY SHOULD BE MAINTAINED WITHIN ___________%.

A

10

43
Q

WHAT IS THE EXPOSURE RATE LIMIT FOR FLUOROSCOPIC UNITS?​

A

5 R/min​

43
Q

THE SOURCE-TO-SKIN DISTANCE FOR A MOBILE FLUOROSCOPIC UNIT SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN?

A

12 inches

44
Q

EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS OF THE AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE CONTROLS SHOULD INCLUDE WHAT?

A

Ion Chamber sensitivity​

Response capability​

Backup timer verification

45
Q

IF THE RADIOGRAPH WAS DONE USING A MOBILE UNIT, ONLY A __________________________ BEAM (CR) WILL DEMONSTRATE A TRUE AIR-FLUID LEVEL.​

A

Horizontal beam

46
Q

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ABOUT DIGITAL FLUOROSCOPIC UNITS IS/ARE TRUE?

A

they use high power generators​
can use TFTs​
they use pulsed x-ray beam​

47
Q

Who invented the first mobile unit in fluoroscopy?

A

Marie Curie

48
Q

Who invented the first fluoroscopy image?

A

Edison

49
Q

What does DICOM stand for? and What does it do?

A

Digital imaging and communications in Medicine
-has to be able to communicate with other hospital systems.

50
Q

What does PACS stand for?

A

Picture archiving and communication system

51
Q

What does HIS stand for?

A

Hospital information system

52
Q

What does RIS Stand for?

A

Radiology information system

53
Q

What does EHR stand for?

A

Electronic health record

54
Q

What does HL-7 stand for? What does it allow?

A

Health level 7 international
-standards for interoperability makes communication within other institutions available but on a nationwide level.

55
Q

When was CT discovered?

A

1970

56
Q

What is a matrix in Digital imaging?

A

array of rows and columns

57
Q

What is a pixel?

A

individual matrix boxes. Each box displays a numerical value that can be transformed into visual brightness or gray levels.

58
Q

What is sampling?

A

Analog voltage values that are measured at a chosen frequency.

58
Q

what is a byte?

A

8- bit, computer memory that is often measured in bytes.

59
Q

What is system noise?

A

Random noise from the digital system itself.

60
Q

What is Signal to noise ratio?

A

measures noise. High SNR little noise on the image

61
Q

What is ambient noise?

A

Background radiation that contributes to image noise

62
Q

What are the layers of the photo stimulant plate?

A

Protective layer
phosphor layer
support layer
conductor layer
light shielding layer
Backing layer

63
Q

What does each layer of the photo stimulant plate do?

A

Protective layer- Insulates
Phosphor layer- Active layer
Support layer- base layer
Conductor layer- serves as ground
light shielding layer- prevent system noise
Backing layer- protects the back of the cassette

64
Q

What DI range counts as underexposed?

A

less than - 1.0

65
Q

What is the target range for DI numbers?

A
  • 0.5 to + 0.5
66
Q

What DI number counts as overexposed?

A

+ 1 to + 3

67
Q

What are the tenets of medical radiographic images?

A
  • legal documents
  • images of a patient
  • a single moment in patients timeline
  • accuracy of a medical image interpretation is function of the quality of the image created.
  • Radiologist expect that department routines are followed
    -Radiologist assume images are produced by ALARA
68
Q

What does LAN stand for? What is it?

A

Local area network
- two or more computers in a small area

69
Q

What is WAN?

A

2 or more computers serving a large geographical area.

70
Q

How many years do many institutions store images for?

A

5-7

71
Q

Which two types of images are kept indefinitely?

A

Pedi and mammography

72
Q

What are some options for image storage?

A

disc, off- site, cloud

73
Q

What are the 5 phases of image processing?

A

Image acquisition
Image processing
Image archiving
Image display
Image analysis

74
Q

What is the anode heel effect?

A

alters the intensity of the x ray beam and affects the IR exposure

75
Q

What does SID affect?

A

IR exposure
Contrast

76
Q

What terms are related to spatial resolution?

A

Definition
sharpness
record detail

77
Q

What is penumbra?

A

unsharpness around the edge

78
Q

What is umbra?

A

Shape of object matches the divergence of the beam

79
Q

What is voluntary motion?

A

motion that is under patients control

79
Q

SOD + OID =

A

SID

80
Q

What is involuntary motion?

A

motion that is not under patients control

81
Q

What causes a misrepresentation of size distortion?

A

Magnification

82
Q

What causes a misrepresentation of shape distortion?

A

elongation and foreshortening

83
Q

What is Elongation?

A

makes the structure appear longer than it really is

84
Q

What is foreshortening?

A

makes the structure appear shorter than what it really is

85
Q

What is the difference between quality assurance and quality control?

A

Quality Assurance- provides confidence that the radiology service will provide consistent high-quality images and service.
Quality Control- Assurance that monitors equipment to maintain quality standards​.

86
Q

What are the two routine checks of all equipment?

A

System processing
External beam evaluation

87
Q

What are the test for spatial resolution?

A

Line pair resolution tool​
Star test pattern
Pinhole camera ​
Slit camera

88
Q

what is the acceptable limit for Angulator or protractor accuracy?

A

+ or - 1

89
Q

What is the measurement tool for kilovoltage accuracy? and its acceptable limit?

A

Dosimeters
+ or - 5

90
Q

What is the acceptable limit for Exposure Reproducibility?

A

+ or - 5

91
Q

What is ABC?

A

to ensure that the brightness of the image at the monitor is constant.

92
Q

What are some patient considerations for mobile fluoroscopy?

A

Communication​
Manipulation of Equipment​
Positioning and Pathology​

93
Q

True / False Radiation protection rest within the radiologist?

A

True

94
Q

List the radiation protection rules for mobile radiography?

A

-Provide shielding for patient, public, team members and yourself.
-Request non-essential individuals leave the immediate area
-Announce that you are going to make an exposure
-Carry at least two lead aprons
- Never place your body in the primary beam
-Provide gonadal shielding for the patient if within reason​
- use the full length of the 6-foot exposure cord​

95
Q

What technical factor is the primary cause of repeat exposures?

A

Distance

96
Q

What year was fluoroscopy invented?

A

1896

97
Q

Fluoroscopy is considered to be?

A

a dynamic type of procedure

98
Q

What are the parts of the image intensifier?

A

Input phosphor
Photocathode
Electrostatic lenses
Anode
Cathode

99
Q

name the conversions at each level of the image intensifier?

A

-Input screen- changes x ray photons to light
-Photocathode- Converts light photons into electrons
-Electrostatic lenses- pushes the electrons towards the
-anode and cathode (output screen)
-output screen- converts electrons back to light

100
Q

What causes patient dose to increase?

A

Magnification

101
Q

How does quantum mottle affect image quality?

A

image has a Grainy appearance

Exposures Final Review (1 decks)

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