export_nas final Flashcards
What was the motto of Richard Henry Pratt for Indian Boarding Schools?
Kill the Indian, Save the Man
How did President Roosevelt describe the process of the allotment act?
A mighty pulverizing engine to break up the tribal mass
What did Justice Hugo Black say about good faith and fair dealing in keeping treaties with indigenous nations?
Great nations, like great men, should keep their word
What does the US Constitution proclaim in regards to treaties, treaty law, including those made with indigenous nations?
Shall be the Supreme Law of the Land
What did the OU press tell Angie Debo that she violated by telling the truth?
She violated history with her book
Richard Oaks
A Mohawk Native American activist who promoted the fundamental idea that Native peoples have a right to sovereignty, justice, respect, and control over their own destinies. His legacy reflects the struggles of Native peoples and all people to maintain their land, identity and life ways. Played an integral part in creating one of the first NAS departments in the nation (SFSU
Lonewolf
A Kiowa warrior, efforts to avoid the forced allotment of his reservation in the courts of the conquerer (Lonewolf vs. Hitchcock), relied on the Medicine Lodge Treaty–he led a group of Indians in filing suit in 1901 to block the illegal allotment and sale of their reservation
Dennis Banks
American Indian activist, Anishinaabe tribe, co-founder of AIM in 1968 establishing it to protect the traditional ways of Indian people and to engage in legal cases protecting treaty rights of Natives–such as hunting and fishing, trapping, wildriceing. Leader, teacher, lecturer, activist, and author
Russell Means
Member of the American Oglala Sioux tribe and longtime Native American activist. Known for leading an armed takeover of wounded knee, South Dakota, in 1973 ad for appearing in films. In 2007 he helped draft a proposal to create a new nation for the Lakota tribe. Co-founder of AIM.
Native American Studies
The body of scholarship on Indians that has emerged in the fields of history, anthropology, and literature…provides the basis for critical analysis of what constitutes that perspective, and increasingly sophisticated methods of studying it. The interweaving of history and anthropology gives deeper insights into motives and causality in cross-cultural encounters
Indigenous
The communities, clans, nations, and tribes that we call Indigenous peoples are just that: Indigenous to the lands they inhalant, in contrast to and in contention with the colonial societies and states that have spread out from Europe and other centers of empire (originating or occurring naturally in a particular place)
Decolonization
The process by which colonized populations, in many cases indigenous populations, begin to reassert their sovereignty and autonomy over their cultures and territories. Though the adverse effects of colonization are impossible to completely undo, ignore, or forget, the act of decolonization is often viewed as a positive expression of self-determination among Native Americans. The reemergence of Native languages, the prominence and success of casino gaming, and the development of NAS programs may all be interpreted as examples of decolonization
Cahokia
Built in present day Illinois, the great mounds at Cahokia are some of the most spectacular examples of early engineering and social sophistication yet remaining on the North American continent. At the high point of its development, Cahokia was the largest urban center North of the great stone Mesoamerican cities of Mexico. Population between 8,000 and 40,000 at its peak. 1250, population was larger than London
Allotment
A piece of land deeded by the government as part of the division of tribally held land
Sovereignty
The right to independent and unquestionable authority over a geographic area. Accordingly, tribal sovereignty refers to the inherent authority of indigenous tribes to govern themselves within the borders of another nation
Self-determination
The occupation of Alcatraz is considered an extension of the concept of self-determination, which became a Native American ideology after termination. No longer were Native people going to let the federal government influence their lives and cultures. Native peoples were going to exercise their sovereign right to determine their own fate
Treaty
Seen as the easiest and most practical way to conduct land transactions or settlement agreements between Europeans and Indians. Treaty was heavily relied upon to avoid bloodshed
Trust Relationship
The tribal sense of trust holds that once a treaty or agreement has been approved, the rights or lands guarantee last in perpetuity or until such time as the two parties mutually agree to change the agreement condition
Plenary Power
Under the US system of law, a power that has been granted to Congress in absolute terms, with no review of, or limitations upon, the exercise of the power. While there certainly are sections of the constitution where this power is legitimized, in many instances it has been misappropriated
Supremacy Clause
Establishes the US Constitution, federal statutes, and treaties as the Supreme law of the land. It provides that these are the highest form of law in the US legal system, and mandates that all state judges must follow federal law when a conflict arises between federal law and either a state constitution or state law of any state
Battle vs. Massacre
A massacre would be a slaughter of a mass amount of people indiscriminately, which means usually at random not for any particular reason. A battle would be more noble and usually between two opposing opponents rather than a killing spree
Wounded Knee Massacre
The US 7th Cavalry regiment commanded by Major Whiteside intercepted Bigfoot’s band of Minniconjou Lakota and 38 Hunkpapa Lakota. The troops went into the camp to disarm the Lakota which resulted in the 7th Cavalry opening fire indiscriminately from all sides. More than 300 people were killed
Sand Creek Massacre
More than 100 Southern Cheyenne were killed by forces led by Col. JM Chivington, prompting increased hostilities in the region
Indian Removal Act (1830)
Indian populations must agree to be removed, as Jackson called removal policy “voluntary.” This only meant Native American Nations had to sign removal treaties or be forcefully escorted from their ancestral homelands
Indian Relocation Act 1956
A US law intended to encourage NA’s to leave Indian reservations, acquire vocational skills, and assimilate into the general population. Offered to pay moving expenses and provide some vocational training for those who were willing to move from the reservations
Dawes Act 1887
Authorized by the President to survey Indian tribal land and divide the land into allotments for individual Indians, who would receive primarily 80 or 160 acre parcels of reservation land that would in time become a fee-simple and this taxable asset. Objective was to stimulate assimilation of Indians into American society and to open up vast parts of Indian territory to development by financiers. Impact on Indians was negative because land owned decreased from 138 million acres in 1887 to 48 million in 1934
American Indian Movement
Goal was to express NA rights and seek compensation owed to the Native peoples under the law, organized nearly 500 people along a route to Washington they called the Trail of Broken Treaties
Worchester vs. Georgia 1832
One of the 1st cases in Supreme Court History in which the sovereign rights of a tribe were upheld by the court. Worcester contended that his arrest by Georgia was unconstitutional. In reaction to the removal act of 1830, Chief Justice Marshall found in favor of Worchester, citing that the state had no legal jurisdiction on Cherokee land
Major Crimes Act 1885
After the Crow Dog decision, the US legislature passed the major crimes act which places 7 offenses under federal jurisdiction in Native territory. Murder, manslaughter, rape, arson, larceny, burglary, and felony assault
Indian Boarding School Era
Carlisle Indian Industrial School founded by Richard Henry Pratt. A boarding school in PA founded in 1879. 1st off-reservation boarding school and became a model for over 500 more. Largest effort taken by US gov. to assimilate NA children. Goal: to civilize the Indian, get him in civilization. To keep him civilized, let him stay.
Treaty of New Echota
Treaty established terms under which the entire Cherokee Nation was expected to move west to the Indian territory. Was not approved of by the Cherokee National Council, was ratified by the US Senate and became the legal basis for forcible removal known as the Trail of Tears.
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
Between Choctaw Nation and US government. 1st removal treaty carried into effect under the Indian Removal Act and ceded about 11 million acres of the Choctaw Nation in exchange for 15 million acres in the Indian territory. Last major land secession treaty the Choctaw signed.
Medicine Lodge Treaty
Between US government and 5 tribes of Plains Indians. Plains Indians had settled in Medicine Lodge, next to a river which they believed was sacred. Treaty allowed for white settlements in the area, open it up to railroads and fixed the southern boundary of Kansas. Treaty promised that no unauthorized persons shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in the tribes reservation.
Which 3 tribes barred Spanish, Mexican, Texan and American settlement for 160 years?
Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache
What was Lonewolfs significant service to his people for trying to protect Kiowa lands and ways of life?
He led a group of Indians in filing suit in 1901 to block the illegal allotment and sale of their reservation
Between 1887 and 1934 how many acres of land transferred from one race of people to another?
90 million acres
Which President opened up the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache Reservation on August 6, 1902?
Theodore Roosevelt
A Good Day to Die
Founders=Dennis Banks, Clyde Bellecourt, and Russell Means. Protesting because a white man who stabbed an Indian was not charged with murder. Striving to correct, change, and gain control of community and schools
Reel Injuns
-Savage-Savage: war like
-most films we are looking for the savage who is attacking
-Blood thirsty fighting against Americans
-White actors often played Native people
-Noble-Savage: exception (person who is different)
-Pocahontas
-Embodiment of American desire
-One who protected their land against bad people
-Authenticity of who native people are through humor
-Generic Indian: group of people that all look exactly the same
-headbands, feathers
-war paint
-Pow-wows–dancing
-headdresses
In Whose Honor?
- Charlene Teters is a Native American artist, educator, and lecturer. A member of the Spokane Tribe
- Teters began picketing outside due to the schools mascot Chief Illiniwek at the University of Illinois . Despite harassment from other students and unsympathetic administration officials, she continued to defend her stance. (people spit on her, threw things at her, threatened and insulted her)
-Mascot leaps and twirls around the gym doing what is said to be an authentic dance wearing eagle feathers and war paint
Chinook Tribe
- They lived in long houses called plank houses which could fit up to 50 people
- Had potlatches which were ceremonial distributions of property amongst members of the tribe
- Salmon fishing was their principal economic activity
Hopi
- Spider Woman was the Earth goddess who possessed all of the magic
- Corn is considered spiritually significant because it sustains spirits journeying into the afterlife
- Corn is the first solid food fed to babies and cornmeal and its preparation are important to Hopi weddings
- Lewis Tewanima was an Olympic distance runner and silver medalist
- Michael Kabotie was a well-known painter, sculptor, and silversmith, and his father Fred Kabotie was also a celebrated painter and silversmith
- Diane Humetewa was appointed by President Obama to be US District Court Judge
Comanche Nation
- Land base reduced with the allotment
- Headquartered in Lawton, OK
-Language similar to the Shoshoni language
Shawnee Tribe
- The language is a Central Algonquian language
- Governor Edwina Butler-Wolfe is currently the governor of the Absentee Shawnee
-Calendar System: Cycle of Life–divided into two seasons (Summer and Winter)
Ojibwe Tribe
- Anishinabe=Original People
- Communities present in the US and Canada: second largest in Canada and fourth largest in US
Ho-Chunk of Wisconsin
- Siouan language of the Great Lakes
- Related to the Winnebago tribe
Choctaw of Mississippi
- One of the 5 civilized tribes
- Muskogean language of the Southeast
- Farmers
- Stickball
Valjean Hessing
- Choctaw
- mom supported artistic abilities
-from Tulsa, OK, graduated from Mary Hardin Baylor
Lyda Conley
- Wyandot Nation
- first woman to be admitted to the Kansas bar
- first Native American woman to be allowed to appear in front of the US supreme court
- first Native American woman lawyer
Indians, Outlaws, and Angie Debo
- discovered land allotments had oil under them
- Indians lost land because they couldn’t read/write contracts
-Oklahoma publishers said Debo was disgracing history
