export_intro to micro

Question 1

Size of bacteria

Answer 1

0.1-10 microns (LM)

Question 2

Viruses

Answer 2

Require host cell for replication

Question 3

Bacteria

Answer 3

Simple unicellular organisms

Prokaryotes

Question 4

Fungi

Answer 4

Eukaryotes

Unicellular (yeast) or filamentous (mold)

Question 5

Parasites

Answer 5

Most complex microbe
Eukaryotes

Unicellular to multicellular

Question 6

Prokaryotes

Answer 6

No nuclei
Single, double-stranded, circular DNA (haploid)

Smaller ribosome (70S)

Peptidolycan cell wall - antibacterial target

Question 7

Bacterial detection

Answer 7

Microscopy (morphology, Gram-stain)
Bacterial Ags

Bacterial nucleic acids (PCR, sequencing)

Culture

Bacterial serology (ELISA, Western blot, immunostaining)

Question 8

Bacterial classification

Answer 8

Binomial nomenclature (Genus species)

Question 9

Fundamental features that determine bacterial classification

Answer 9

Visible features
Nutrition

End products

Surface molecules

Question 10

Visible features for bacterial classification

Answer 10

Shape
Spore formation

Gram reaction

Question 11

Nutrition for bacterial classification

Answer 11

Growth media
Aerobic vs. anaerobic

Temperature required for optimal growth

Question 12

End products for bacterial classification

Answer 12

Enzymes

Toxins

Question 13

Surface molecules for bacterial classification

Answer 13

Ag composition

Proteins, sugars, lipids

Question 14

Bacterial shapes

Answer 14

Cocci (spherical)
Bacilli (rod, straight, curved)

Spirochetes (spiral)

Question 15

Two major classifications of bacteria - cell wall

Answer 15

Gram positive

Gram negative

Question 16

Mycobacteria

Answer 16

Acid fast

Question 17

Gram positive cell wall

Answer 17

Peptidoglycan wall just outside of plasma membrane

Question 18

Gram negative wall

Answer 18

Outer membrane outside of peptidoglycan layer

Periplasmic space between peptidoglycan layer and plasma membrane

Question 19

Gram positive stain

Answer 19

Purple

Question 20

Gram negative stain

Answer 20

Pink

Question 21

Peptidoglycan

Answer 21

Necessary for bacterial survival
Internal to capsule, but external to cytoplasmic membrane

Protection, shape, gram stain

Drug target

Question 22

Sugars of peptidoglycan

Answer 22

Alternating NAG and NAM
Beta-1,4 linked

Cross-linked by peptides

Question 23

Peptidoglycan on immunity

Answer 23

Proinflammatory

Fixes complement, which triggers TNF production

Question 24

Gram positive envelope

Answer 24

Peptidoglycan (many layers, extensive crosslinking)
Teichoic acid (PG and PM associated - LTA)

Question 25

Teichoic acid and LTA functions

Answer 25

Promote attachment to other bacteria and host cells - virulence factors

Question 26

Gram negative envelope

Answer 26

Peptidoglycan reduced compared to Gram positive

Question 27

Periplasmic space

Answer 27

Found in Gram negative wall | Contains PG

Question 28

Outer membrane of Gram negative wall

Answer 28

Rich in porins and LPS

Question 29

Porins in outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria

Answer 29

Allows diffusion of small, hydrophilic molecules | Can result in antibiotics gaining entrance to bacteria

Question 30

Asymmetric phospholipid bilayer in Gram negative envelope

Answer 30

Inner leaflet contains phospholipids | Outer leaflets contains LPS

Question 31

LPS is comprised of?

Answer 31

Lipid A Core polysaccharide O Ag

Question 32

Lipid A

Answer 32

Responsible for endotoxin activity of LPS | Fatty acids anchor to OM

Question 33

Core polysaccharide

Answer 33

Required for bacterial structure and viability

Question 34

O Ag

Answer 34

Long, linear polysaccharide of repeating sugars Lots of species variation, distinguishing feature for bacterial serology Missing in Neisseria (LOS)

Question 35

LPS on immunity

Answer 35

Binds to CD14 and TLR4 on phagocytes/APCs | Causes TNF, IL-1, and IL-6, which results in inflammation

Question 36

Acid-fast bacteria

Answer 36

``` Complex cell envelope Mycolic acids (long, branched chain fatty acids) ``` Thick, waxy membranous layer outside of peptidoglycan Stained red; methylene blue used to counter-stain

Question 37

Importance of mycolic acid in acid fast cell wall

Answer 37

Impedes entry of chemicals/lysosomal enzymes, which results in slow growing bacteria

Question 38

LAM

Answer 38

Acid-fast structure | Similar to LPS

Question 39

Arabinogalactans

Answer 39

Branched polysaccharides that bind mycolic acid

Question 40

Pili

Answer 40

"Fimbrae" Composed of pilin, which forms a hollow tube Hair-like projections Two functional types

Question 41

Where can pili be found?

Answer 41

Both Gram positive and negative bacterial surfaces

Question 42

Two functional types of pili

Answer 42

Common (somatic) | Sex

Question 43

Common (somatic) pili

Answer 43

Attachment to epithelial cells | Called adhesins, lectins, evasins, and aggressins

Question 44

Sex pili

Answer 44

Only one per cell, involved in gene transfer | Bind to other bacteria, usually a plasmid, transfer genetic materials

Question 45

Flagella

Answer 45

Locomotion Monotrichous Lophotrichous Amphitrichous Peritrichous

Question 46

Monotrichous flagella

Answer 46

"Polar" | Only one at a single pole

Question 47

Lophotrichous flagella

Answer 47

More than one at a single pole

Question 48

Amphitrichous flagella

Answer 48

At both poles

Question 49

Peritrichous flagella

Answer 49

All around the bacteria

Question 50

Components of flagella

Answer 50

H-Ag Virulence factor Locomotion

Question 51

Bacterial capsule

Answer 51

Loose polysaccharide or protein layer Hydrophilic Protection from immune system Cell survival in host, but not necessary in culture Biofilm

Question 52

Slime layer

Answer 52

Capsule when it is loosely adherent or non-uniform in thickness

Question 53

How does a capsule protect from the immune system

Answer 53

It is poorly antigenic Antiphagocytic Major virulence factor

Question 54

Biofilm

Answer 54

Community of microbial cells that has a capsule/slime layer over the entire population

Question 55

Endospores

Answer 55

Occurs with Gram positive bacteria in harsh environment Conversions to a dormant state Gives rise to a bacteria when environmental are favorable

Question 56

Endospore contents

Answer 56

Complete copy of chromosome Minimal proteins/ribosomes High concentration of Ca2+ bound to dipocolinic acid

Question 57

Endotoxin

Answer 57

LPS | Specific to Gram negative bacteria