export_exam 3 Flashcards
Groupthink can only happen when
A group is highly cohesive
A member of a group who protects a leader from assault by troublesome ideas is called a
mindguard
When everyone is not in agreement, but none speak their mind, often what follows is that the silence is taken for consent when really there is only a/an
illusion of unanimity
The opposite of groupthink
independent critical thinking
Not a symptom of groupthink
illusion of continuity
What is not a requisite function of effective decision making?
appropriate questioning
What is not included in Hirokawa and Gouran’s list of types of communication in decision-making groups?
collegial
According to Hirokawa and Gouran, most comments from group members
interrupt rather than promote progress toward the goal
In his 1995 investigation of a four-person medical team in rural Iowa, Hirokawa discovered that:
team members’ discussions consistently failed to align with the four requisite functions of the functional perspective
According to the functional perspective, a low-status member of a group
should insist on a careful process in order to influence the final decision
Stohl and Holmes contend that most real-life groups
have a prior decision-making history and are imbedded within a larger organization
T/F: Hirokawa and Gouran repeatedly state that goal setting is the most important function in group decision-making
False
T/F: Hirokawa regards discussion as an instrument that group members use to create the social reality in which decisions are made
True
T/F: The specific route through the four functions a group takes during the decision-making process is crucial
False
T/F: The specific route through the four functions a group takes during the decision-making process is crucial
False
T/F: Counteractive communication is used by group members to move the group back on track
True
T/F: Hirokawa warns that groups addressing tasks with a negative bias may have trouble sucessfully solving problems
False
T/F: For Hirokawa and Gouran, goal setting must occur first in the process of group decision-making
False
Researchers who “map out” social discourse are called
ethnographers
Pacanowsky argues that culture is not something an organization has,
but is something an organization is
Which of the following is not a type of story that Pacanowsky claims dramatizes organizational life?
resistant stories
To Geertz and Pacanowsky, some rituals are
texts that articulate multiple aspects of cultural life and nearly sacred, and attempted change will be resisted
The ethnographic approach to organizational culture championed by Pacanowsky has been criticized because
its hands-off attitude toward influence bothers pragmatists
T/F: Stories repeated over and over provide a convenient window through which to view corporate webs of significance
true
T/F: Geertz admits that the concept of culture as systems of shared meanings is somewhat vague and difficult to grasp
True
T/F: Geertz believes that an effective manager can manufacture a culture to suit management’s needs
False
T/F: While some aspects of corporate culture are long lasting and difficult to control, shared meanings are relatively easy to dispel
False
T/F: Geertz and Pacanowsky maintain that the way to understand a culture is to observe it as a stranger in a foreign land
True
T/F: Central to the research method of the cultural approach to organizations are content analyses that require exhaustive frequency counts of the various activities of workers
False
T/F:Rituals are established procedure or routine, or in other words “this is the way it’s always been and always will be.”
True
T/F: Collegial stories are positive or negative anecdotes about others in the organization; descriptions of how things “really” work
True
T/F: Personal stories are tales told by employees that put them in a favorable light
True
T/F: Personal stories are positive or negative anecdotes about others in the organization; descriptions of how things “really” work
False
T/F: Collegial stories are tales that carry management ideology and reinforce company policy
False
T/F: Corporate stories are told by employees that put them in a favorable light
False
Deetz’ critical theory of communication in organizations emphasizes
language’s role in shaping social reality
Deetz’ critical theory of communication in organizations
seeks to balance corporate and human interests
Above all else, managerialism prizes
control
What is not one of the four ways corporate decisions can be made?
critique
Through the process of consent, employees of a corporation
accomplish the interests of management in the faulty attempt to fulfill their own interests
Deetz is convinced that meaningful democratic participation in corporate decision making
benefits both the employees and the corporation
Corporate decision processes that invite open dialogue among all stakeholders are called
codetermination
Deetz approach to corporate decision making is inherently attractive, yet
his constructivist view of communication does not necessarily support his reformist agenda.
his campaign for stakeholder negotiation may be infeasible.
it may be unrealistic to expect one theory to reform both commonsense conceptions of
communication and private business simultaneously.
T/F: Deetz argues that both traditional capitalism and managerial capitalism contribute to managerial control
True
T/F: Deetz has developed a critical communication theory aimed at ensuring the financial health of corporations while increasing the representation of diverse human interests
True
T/F: Deetz’ endorsement of strategy, consent, involvement, and participation provides the core of his critique of managerialism
False
T/F: Codetermination represents the collaborative constructions of self, other and the world
True
T/F: Through the process of consent, most employees are richly rewarded for their loyalty
False
If involvement does not lead to participation, it can create worker cynicism
True
T/F: Deetz envisions at least six classes of stakeholders with multiple needs and desires
True
T/F: Deetz believes that there is no legitimate basis for privileging one group of stakeholders over another
True
T/F: Involvement refers to stakeholder democracy; the process by which all stakeholders in an organization negotiate power and openly reach collaborative decisions
False
T/F: Participation refers to stakeholder democracy; the process by which all stakeholders in an organization negotiate power and openly reach collaborative decisions
True
T/F: Involvement refers to stakeholders’ free expression of ideas that may, or may not, affect managerial decisions
True
Participation refers to stakeholders’ free expression of ideas that may, or may not, affect managerial decisions
False
Aristotle envisioned rhetoric as
addressing specific, practical questions
The issue of speaker credibility relates most specifically to
ethos
A deductive argument that omits a premise is called an
enthymeme
Early Athenian public speaking professors whose practical approach lacked a theoretical foundation were called
Sophists
Which, for Aristotle, was not a fundamental component of ethos
dynamism
Which of the canons of rhetoric was not a particular concern of Aristotle’s
memory
For Aristotle, metaphor was a key component of
style
Aristotle believed that appeals to the emotions
could be used in a negative way
could inspire reasoned civic decision making
should be used ethically
Aristotle’s Rhetoric has been criticized because
he seems to waffle on ethical issues
T/F: Metaphor is an important component of the canon of invention
False
T/F: On the whole, Aristotle’s concept of ethos has held up well under scientific scrutiny
True
T/F: Aristotle believed that the effective speaker must know how to appeal to the emotions of the audience
True
T/F: The syllogism is an example of inductive reasoning
False
T/F: Under Aristotle’s classification scheme, Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address” would be considered an example of forensic speaking
False
T/F: Rhetoric has been defined as the discovery in each case of the available means of persuasion
True
T/F: Aristotle believed that truth has a moral superiority that makes it more acceptable than falsehood
True
Fisher believes that human nature is epitomized by
storytelling
Which of the following is one of the assumptions of the prevailing rational-world paradigm?
People are essentially rational
Which of the following is one of the assumptions of the narrative paradigm?
We make decisions on the basis of good reasons
The ultimate test of narrative coherence is whether or not
the characters act in a reliable manner
To the extent that the details of the story portray the world we live in, the narrative has
fidelity
Fisher believes that stories can be evaluated using the twin tests of narrative
coherence and fidelity
According to Fisher, the ideal audience
is guided by humane values in determining good reasons
One critic of Fisher’s theory charges that his narrative paradigm
cannot explain the persuasive power of evil stories
Which of the following is not one of the values that Fisher believes shapes our logic of good reasons
rationality
T/F: Fisher holds that nearly all forms of human communication need to be seen fundamentally as stories
true
T/F: Fisher maintains that offering good reasons has more to do with telling a compelling story than it does with piling up evidence or constructing a tight argument
True
T/F: The narrative paradigm sees the world as a collection of logical puzzles that we can solve through rational analysis
False
T/F: According to Fisher, not all stories are equally good
True
T/F: We seldom judge the coherence of a story by comparing it with other stories we have heard that deal with the same theme
False
T/F: Fisher argues that an ideal audience will be convinced by how concisely and rationally a speaker argues
False
T/F: Fisher believes that people have a natural tendency to prefer truthful and humane stories to stories lacking those characteristics
True
T/F: A story has narrative fidelity when it provides logic of good reasons to guide our future actions
True
Why does McLuhan contend that media environments are “invisible”?
We are so immersed we don’t notice them
Accounting for the _______________ of the media environment means considering both incremental and sudden changes.
complexity
According to McLuhan, the phonetic alphabet inspired
linear thinking
McLuhan believed that the course of history was determined by changes in
modes of communication
McLuhan claimed that the “primitive” people of the tribal village
had well-developed senses of hearing, touch, taste, and smell.
were dominated by the right hemisphere of the brain.
led richer, more complex lives than their literate descendants.
“The medium is the message” suggests that
the channel is more influential than the content it carries
Scholars suggest that we may be in the ______________ age, the next epoch in human history.
digital
What is a Faustian bargain?
a deal with the devil
McLuhan has been criticized because
media ecology is difficult to test
T/F: The phonetic alphabet transformed the world into a global village.
False
T/F: McLuhan felt that the electronic media were retribalizing the world.
True
T/F: The dominant medium of any age shapes its people.
True
T/F: McLuhan held that we should focus attention on the everyday uses of technology.
True
T/F: Media becomes an extension of the human self.
True
T/F: For Postman, television has costs society more than it has given us in return.
True
According to Stuart Hall’s lecture, interrogation of the image includes
asking questions about who is being served
examining media images for issues of power
never accepting media messages at face value
Hall is most likely to:
Expose racism and reproduction of racial inequality
Dissect how media exploit the poor and powerless
Hall maintains that he wants to
unmask the power imbalances in society
Hall’s main concern with corporate control of mass communication is that it
prevents many stories from being told.
Both speaking out on oppression and linking that subjugation with the communication media are incorporated in the term
articulation
In the text, Douglas Kellner argues that during the Gulf War, the media
practiced hegemonic encoding.
emphasized tactical aesthetics over morality.
commodified the war itself.
T/F: Hall doubts the scientific community’s potential to find any useful answers to important questions about media influence.
True
T/F: According to Hall, any theory that deconstructs the current structure of media studies should be loudly denounced as supporting the power structure of the elite.
False
T/F: According to cultural studies, communication is a unique discipline that should remain separate from other academic disciplines within the overall structure of the university.
False
T/F: One of Hall’s most positive contributions to mass communication study is his constant reminder that it is futile to talk about meaning without considering power at the same time.
True
T/F: One of Hall’s most positive contributions to mass communication study is his constant reminder that it is unnecessary to talk about meaning when considering power at the same time.
False
T/F: Most cultural studies theorists bring an empirical, social scientific approach to their analyses.
False
T/F: The goal of cultural studies is to raise our consciousness of the media’s role in preserving the status quo.
True
The overt expression of physical force (with or without a weapon, against self or others), compelling action against one’s will on pain of being hurt and/or killed or threatened to be so victimized as part of the plot is called
dramatic violence
Which of the following is not considered violent using Gerbner’s index plan?
verbal abuse
To be defined as a heavy viewer, one must watch at least
four hours of television a day
Another name Gerbner uses for a heavy viewer is a
television type
Heavy television viewers usually label themselves
middle class
The recurring dramatic theme focused upon by Gerbner’s cultivation theory is
violence
Gerbner gauged the overall level of violence by looking at the
percentage of programs that scripted violence.
rate of violence in programming.
percentage of characters involved in physical harm and killing.
Gerbner found that
over half of prime-time programs contain violence
The term that describes the process of blurring, blending, and bending the opinions of heavy television viewers is
mainstreaming
Cultivation theory has been criticized
for a variety of methodological problems
T/F: Gerbner chose to allow cartoon action to be characterized as violence if it met other criteria.
True
T/F: A heavy television viewer does not want to watch specific shows as much as watch television per se.
True
T/F: For resonance to occur, an individual must have had a firsthand experience with physical violence.
True
T/F: According to Gerbner, Everybody Loves Raymond , and Friends are not typical television programming.
True
T/F: Both light and heavy viewers overestimate the possibility that they will be the victims of violence in the near future.
True
T/F: For resonance to occur, an individual must does not necessarily have to have a firsthand experience with physical violence.
False
For McCombs and Shaw, an important story in the newspapers would be
a three-column story on an inside page.
a lead editorial.
a front-page headline story.
At the second level of agenda setting, the media
transfer salience of a collection of attributes that the media associate with an attitude object to the audience’s image of the object.
The need for orientation arises from
high relevance and uncertainty.
Recently, McCombs has concluded that
the media does influence the way we think.
T/F: The public agenda is the pattern of news coverage across major print and broadcast media as measured by the prominence and length of stories, whereas the media agenda concerns the most important public issues as measured by public opinion surveys.
False
T/F: The media agenda is the pattern of news coverage across major print and broadcast media as measured by the prominence and length of stories, whereas the public agenda concerns the most important public issues as measured by public opinion surveys.
True
T/F: People with a high need for orientation tend to be resistant to the media’s political priorities.
False
T/F: Recent experimental studies have ruled out the possibility that public priorities are set by media priorities.
False
T/F: In order for the agenda-setting function hypothesis to be established as a causal relationship, a lag between media priorities and public priorities must be observed.
True
T/F: Recent agenda-setting research suggests that the media not only set the agenda for what issues are important, but also make some aspects of issues more salient than others.
True
T/F: The public’s perception of professional basketball has been affected by the television network’s agenda.
True
T/F: In their initial research, McCombs and Shaw found a nearly perfect correlation between the media’s and the public’s ordering of priorities.
True
T/F: Funkhouser’s research clearly demonstrated that the twin agendas of the public and the media are not simply reflections of reality.
True
Group Think
decision-making in cohesive groups characterized by uncritical acceptance or conformity to prevailing points of view
Functional Perspective on Group Decision Making
groups make high quality decisions when members fulfill four requisite functions, including problem analysis, goal setting, identification of alternatives, and evaluation of positive and negative consequences
Cultural Approaches to Organizations
An organization is a culture or unique system of shared meanings; stories, rituals, and other symbolism can be used to make sense of corporate culture.
Critical Theory of Communication in Organizations
Corporate decision making processes systematically exclude the voices of people who are directly affected by the decisions; managers can further a company’s health through collaborative decision-making.
The Rhetoric
rhetoric is the art of discovering all available means of persuasion; a speaker supports the probability of of a message by logical, ethical, and emotional proofs
Narrative Paradigm
almost all forms of communication are fundamentally narrative; listeners judge a story by whether it hangs together (coherence) and rings true with the values of an ideal audience (fidelity).
Media Ecology
changes in communication technology (e.g. the phonetic alphabet, printing press, and telegraph) have shaped our perceptions, experiences, attitudes, and behavior.
Cultural Studies
the mass media function to maintain the ideology of those who already have power: media audiences have the capacity to resist hegemonic influence
Cultivation Theory
television has become society’s storyteller; heavy television viewers see a vast quantity of dramatic violence, which cultivates an exaggerated belief in a mean and scary world
Agenda-Setting Theory
the media tells us (1) what to think about (agenda setting) and (2) how to think about it (framing)
