export_exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Groupthink can only happen when
A
A group is highly cohesive
2
Q
A member of a group who protects a leader from assault by troublesome ideas is called a
A
mindguard
3
Q
When everyone is not in agreement, but none speak their mind, often what follows is that the silence is taken for consent when really there is only a/an
A
illusion of unanimity
4
Q
The opposite of groupthink
A
independent critical thinking
5
Q
Not a symptom of groupthink
A
illusion of continuity
6
Q
What is not a requisite function of effective decision making?
A
appropriate questioning
7
Q
What is not included in Hirokawa and Gouran’s list of types of communication in decision-making groups?
A
collegial
8
Q
According to Hirokawa and Gouran, most comments from group members
A
interrupt rather than promote progress toward the goal
9
Q
In his 1995 investigation of a four-person medical team in rural Iowa, Hirokawa discovered that:
A
team members’ discussions consistently failed to align with the four requisite functions of the functional perspective
10
Q
According to the functional perspective, a low-status member of a group
A
should insist on a careful process in order to influence the final decision
11
Q
Stohl and Holmes contend that most real-life groups
A
have a prior decision-making history and are imbedded within a larger organization
12
Q
T/F: Hirokawa and Gouran repeatedly state that goal setting is the most important function in group decision-making
A
False
13
Q
T/F: Hirokawa regards discussion as an instrument that group members use to create the social reality in which decisions are made
A
True
14
Q
T/F: The specific route through the four functions a group takes during the decision-making process is crucial
A
False
15
Q
T/F: The specific route through the four functions a group takes during the decision-making process is crucial
A
False
16
Q
T/F: Counteractive communication is used by group members to move the group back on track
A
True
17
Q
T/F: Hirokawa warns that groups addressing tasks with a negative bias may have trouble sucessfully solving problems
A
False
18
Q
T/F: For Hirokawa and Gouran, goal setting must occur first in the process of group decision-making
A
False
19
Q
Researchers who “map out” social discourse are called
A
ethnographers
20
Q
Pacanowsky argues that culture is not something an organization has,
A
but is something an organization is
21
Q
Which of the following is not a type of story that Pacanowsky claims dramatizes organizational life?
A
resistant stories
22
Q
To Geertz and Pacanowsky, some rituals are
A
texts that articulate multiple aspects of cultural life and nearly sacred, and attempted change will be resisted
23
Q
The ethnographic approach to organizational culture championed by Pacanowsky has been criticized because
A
its hands-off attitude toward influence bothers pragmatists
24
Q
T/F: Stories repeated over and over provide a convenient window through which to view corporate webs of significance
A
true
25
T/F: Geertz admits that the concept of culture as systems of shared meanings is somewhat vague and difficult to grasp
True
26
T/F: Geertz believes that an effective manager can manufacture a culture to suit management's needs
False
27
T/F: While some aspects of corporate culture are long lasting and difficult to control, shared meanings are relatively easy to dispel
False
28
T/F: Geertz and Pacanowsky maintain that the way to understand a culture is to observe it as a stranger in a foreign land
True
29
T/F: Central to the research method of the cultural approach to organizations are content analyses that require exhaustive frequency counts of the various activities of workers
False
30
T/F:Rituals are established procedure or routine, or in other words "this is the way it's always been and always will be."
True
31
T/F: Collegial stories are positive or negative anecdotes about others in the organization; descriptions of how things "really" work
True
32
T/F: Personal stories are tales told by employees that put them in a favorable light
True
33
T/F: Personal stories are positive or negative anecdotes about others in the organization; descriptions of how things "really" work
False
34
T/F: Collegial stories are tales that carry management ideology and reinforce company policy
False
35
T/F: Corporate stories are told by employees that put them in a favorable light
False
36
Deetz' critical theory of communication in organizations emphasizes
language's role in shaping social reality
37
Deetz' critical theory of communication in organizations
seeks to balance corporate and human interests
38
Above all else, managerialism prizes
control
39
What is not one of the four ways corporate decisions can be made?
critique
40
Through the process of consent, employees of a corporation
accomplish the interests of management in the faulty attempt to fulfill their own interests
41
Deetz is convinced that meaningful democratic participation in corporate decision making
benefits both the employees and the corporation
42
Corporate decision processes that invite open dialogue among all stakeholders are called
codetermination
43
Deetz approach to corporate decision making is inherently attractive, yet
his constructivist view of communication does not necessarily support his reformist agenda.
his campaign for stakeholder negotiation may be infeasible.
it may be unrealistic to expect one theory to reform both commonsense conceptions of
communication and private business simultaneously.
44
T/F: Deetz argues that both traditional capitalism and managerial capitalism contribute to managerial control
True
45
T/F: Deetz has developed a critical communication theory aimed at ensuring the financial health of corporations while increasing the representation of diverse human interests
True
46
T/F: Deetz' endorsement of strategy, consent, involvement, and participation provides the core of his critique of managerialism
False
47
T/F: Codetermination represents the collaborative constructions of self, other and the world
True
48
T/F: Through the process of consent, most employees are richly rewarded for their loyalty
False
49
If involvement does not lead to participation, it can create worker cynicism
True
50
T/F: Deetz envisions at least six classes of stakeholders with multiple needs and desires
True
51
T/F: Deetz believes that there is no legitimate basis for privileging one group of stakeholders over another
True
52
T/F: Involvement refers to stakeholder democracy; the process by which all stakeholders in an organization negotiate power and openly reach collaborative decisions
False
53
T/F: Participation refers to stakeholder democracy; the process by which all stakeholders in an organization negotiate power and openly reach collaborative decisions
True
54
T/F: Involvement refers to stakeholders' free expression of ideas that may, or may not, affect managerial decisions
True
55
Participation refers to stakeholders' free expression of ideas that may, or may not, affect managerial decisions
False
56
Aristotle envisioned rhetoric as
addressing specific, practical questions
57
The issue of speaker credibility relates most specifically to
ethos
58
A deductive argument that omits a premise is called an
enthymeme
59
Early Athenian public speaking professors whose practical approach lacked a theoretical foundation were called
Sophists
60
Which, for Aristotle, was not a fundamental component of ethos
dynamism
61
Which of the canons of rhetoric was not a particular concern of Aristotle's
memory
62
For Aristotle, metaphor was a key component of
style
63
Aristotle believed that appeals to the emotions
could be used in a negative way
could inspire reasoned civic decision making
should be used ethically
64
Aristotle's Rhetoric has been criticized because
he seems to waffle on ethical issues
65
T/F: Metaphor is an important component of the canon of invention
False
66
T/F: On the whole, Aristotle's concept of ethos has held up well under scientific scrutiny
True
67
T/F: Aristotle believed that the effective speaker must know how to appeal to the emotions of the audience
True
68
T/F: The syllogism is an example of inductive reasoning
False
69
T/F: Under Aristotle's classification scheme, Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address" would be considered an example of forensic speaking
False
70
T/F: Rhetoric has been defined as the discovery in each case of the available means of persuasion
True
71
T/F: Aristotle believed that truth has a moral superiority that makes it more acceptable than falsehood
True
72
Fisher believes that human nature is epitomized by
storytelling
73
Which of the following is one of the assumptions of the prevailing rational-world paradigm?
People are essentially rational
74
Which of the following is one of the assumptions of the narrative paradigm?
We make decisions on the basis of good reasons
75
The ultimate test of narrative coherence is whether or not
the characters act in a reliable manner
76
To the extent that the details of the story portray the world we live in, the narrative has
fidelity
77
Fisher believes that stories can be evaluated using the twin tests of narrative
coherence and fidelity
78
According to Fisher, the ideal audience
is guided by humane values in determining good reasons
79
One critic of Fisher's theory charges that his narrative paradigm
cannot explain the persuasive power of evil stories
80
Which of the following is not one of the values that Fisher believes shapes our logic of good reasons
rationality
81
T/F: Fisher holds that nearly all forms of human communication need to be seen fundamentally as stories
true
82
T/F: Fisher maintains that offering good reasons has more to do with telling a compelling story than it does with piling up evidence or constructing a tight argument
True
83
T/F: The narrative paradigm sees the world as a collection of logical puzzles that we can solve through rational analysis
False
84
T/F: According to Fisher, not all stories are equally good
True
85
T/F: We seldom judge the coherence of a story by comparing it with other stories we have heard that deal with the same theme
False
86
T/F: Fisher argues that an ideal audience will be convinced by how concisely and rationally a speaker argues
False
87
T/F: Fisher believes that people have a natural tendency to prefer truthful and humane stories to stories lacking those characteristics
True
88
T/F: A story has narrative fidelity when it provides logic of good reasons to guide our future actions
True
89
Why does McLuhan contend that media environments are “invisible”?
We are so immersed we don't notice them
90
Accounting for the _______________ of the media environment means considering both incremental and sudden changes.
complexity
91
According to McLuhan, the phonetic alphabet inspired
linear thinking
92
McLuhan believed that the course of history was determined by changes in
modes of communication
93
McLuhan claimed that the “primitive” people of the tribal village
had well-developed senses of hearing, touch, taste, and smell.
were dominated by the right hemisphere of the brain.
led richer, more complex lives than their literate descendants.
94
“The medium is the message” suggests that
the channel is more influential than the content it carries
95
Scholars suggest that we may be in the ______________ age, the next epoch in human history.
digital
96
What is a Faustian bargain?
a deal with the devil
97
McLuhan has been criticized because
media ecology is difficult to test
98
T/F: The phonetic alphabet transformed the world into a global village.
False
99
T/F: McLuhan felt that the electronic media were retribalizing the world.
True
100
T/F: The dominant medium of any age shapes its people.
True
101
T/F: McLuhan held that we should focus attention on the everyday uses of technology.
True
102
T/F: Media becomes an extension of the human self.
True
103
T/F: For Postman, television has costs society more than it has given us in return.
True
104
According to Stuart Hall’s lecture, interrogation of the image includes
asking questions about who is being served
examining media images for issues of power
never accepting media messages at face value
105
Hall is most likely to:
Expose racism and reproduction of racial inequality
| Dissect how media exploit the poor and powerless
106
Hall maintains that he wants to
unmask the power imbalances in society
107
Hall’s main concern with corporate control of mass communication is that it
prevents many stories from being told.
108
Both speaking out on oppression and linking that subjugation with the communication media are incorporated in the term
articulation
109
In the text, Douglas Kellner argues that during the Gulf War, the media
practiced hegemonic encoding.
emphasized tactical aesthetics over morality.
commodified the war itself.
110
T/F: Hall doubts the scientific community’s potential to find any useful answers to important questions about media influence.
True
111
T/F: According to Hall, any theory that deconstructs the current structure of media studies should be loudly denounced as supporting the power structure of the elite.
False
112
T/F: According to cultural studies, communication is a unique discipline that should remain separate from other academic disciplines within the overall structure of the university.
False
113
T/F: One of Hall's most positive contributions to mass communication study is his constant reminder that it is futile to talk about meaning without considering power at the same time.
True
114
T/F: One of Hall's most positive contributions to mass communication study is his constant reminder that it is unnecessary to talk about meaning when considering power at the same time.
False
115
T/F: Most cultural studies theorists bring an empirical, social scientific approach to their analyses.
False
116
T/F: The goal of cultural studies is to raise our consciousness of the media’s role in preserving the status quo.
True
117
The overt expression of physical force (with or without a weapon, against self or others), compelling action against one's will on pain of being hurt and/or killed or threatened to be so victimized as part of the plot is called
dramatic violence
118
Which of the following is not considered violent using Gerbner's index plan?
verbal abuse
119
To be defined as a heavy viewer, one must watch at least
four hours of television a day
120
Another name Gerbner uses for a heavy viewer is a
television type
121
Heavy television viewers usually label themselves
middle class
122
The recurring dramatic theme focused upon by Gerbner’s cultivation theory is
violence
123
Gerbner gauged the overall level of violence by looking at the
percentage of programs that scripted violence.
rate of violence in programming.
percentage of characters involved in physical harm and killing.
124
Gerbner found that
over half of prime-time programs contain violence
125
The term that describes the process of blurring, blending, and bending the opinions of heavy television viewers is
mainstreaming
126
Cultivation theory has been criticized
for a variety of methodological problems
127
T/F: Gerbner chose to allow cartoon action to be characterized as violence if it met other criteria.
True
128
T/F: A heavy television viewer does not want to watch specific shows as much as watch television per se.
True
129
T/F: For resonance to occur, an individual must have had a firsthand experience with physical violence.
True
130
T/F: According to Gerbner, Everybody Loves Raymond , and Friends are not typical television programming.
True
131
T/F: Both light and heavy viewers overestimate the possibility that they will be the victims of violence in the near future.
True
132
T/F: For resonance to occur, an individual must does not necessarily have to have a firsthand experience with physical violence.
False
133
For McCombs and Shaw, an important story in the newspapers would be
a three-column story on an inside page.
a lead editorial.
a front-page headline story.
134
At the second level of agenda setting, the media
transfer salience of a collection of attributes that the media associate with an attitude object to the audience’s image of the object.
135
The need for orientation arises from
high relevance and uncertainty.
136
Recently, McCombs has concluded that
the media does influence the way we think.
137
T/F: The public agenda is the pattern of news coverage across major print and broadcast media as measured by the prominence and length of stories, whereas the media agenda concerns the most important public issues as measured by public opinion surveys.
False
138
T/F: The media agenda is the pattern of news coverage across major print and broadcast media as measured by the prominence and length of stories, whereas the public agenda concerns the most important public issues as measured by public opinion surveys.
True
139
T/F: People with a high need for orientation tend to be resistant to the media’s political priorities.
False
140
T/F: Recent experimental studies have ruled out the possibility that public priorities are set by media priorities.
False
141
T/F: In order for the agenda-setting function hypothesis to be established as a causal relationship, a lag between media priorities and public priorities must be observed.
True
142
T/F: Recent agenda-setting research suggests that the media not only set the agenda for what issues are important, but also make some aspects of issues more salient than others.
True
143
T/F: The public’s perception of professional basketball has been affected by the television network’s agenda.
True
144
T/F: In their initial research, McCombs and Shaw found a nearly perfect correlation between the media's and the public's ordering of priorities.
True
145
T/F: Funkhouser's research clearly demonstrated that the twin agendas of the public and the media are not simply reflections of reality.
True
146
Group Think
decision-making in cohesive groups characterized by uncritical acceptance or conformity to prevailing points of view
147
Functional Perspective on Group Decision Making
groups make high quality decisions when members fulfill four requisite functions, including problem analysis, goal setting, identification of alternatives, and evaluation of positive and negative consequences
148
Cultural Approaches to Organizations
An organization is a culture or unique system of shared meanings; stories, rituals, and other symbolism can be used to make sense of corporate culture.
149
Critical Theory of Communication in Organizations
Corporate decision making processes systematically exclude the voices of people who are directly affected by the decisions; managers can further a company's health through collaborative decision-making.
150
The Rhetoric
rhetoric is the art of discovering all available means of persuasion; a speaker supports the probability of of a message by logical, ethical, and emotional proofs
151
Narrative Paradigm
almost all forms of communication are fundamentally narrative; listeners judge a story by whether it hangs together (coherence) and rings true with the values of an ideal audience (fidelity).
152
Media Ecology
changes in communication technology (e.g. the phonetic alphabet, printing press, and telegraph) have shaped our perceptions, experiences, attitudes, and behavior.
153
Cultural Studies
the mass media function to maintain the ideology of those who already have power: media audiences have the capacity to resist hegemonic influence
154
Cultivation Theory
television has become society's storyteller; heavy television viewers see a vast quantity of dramatic violence, which cultivates an exaggerated belief in a mean and scary world
155
Agenda-Setting Theory
the media tells us (1) what to think about (agenda setting) and (2) how to think about it (framing)
