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Mass Comm > export_exam 3 > Flashcards

export_exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Groupthink can only happen when

A

A group is highly cohesive

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2
Q

A member of a group who protects a leader from assault by troublesome ideas is called a

A

mindguard

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3
Q

When everyone is not in agreement, but none speak their mind, often what follows is that the silence is taken for consent when really there is only a/an

A

illusion of unanimity

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4
Q

The opposite of groupthink

A

independent critical thinking

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5
Q

Not a symptom of groupthink

A

illusion of continuity

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6
Q

What is not a requisite function of effective decision making?

A

appropriate questioning

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7
Q

What is not included in Hirokawa and Gouran’s list of types of communication in decision-making groups?

A

collegial

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8
Q

According to Hirokawa and Gouran, most comments from group members

A

interrupt rather than promote progress toward the goal

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9
Q

In his 1995 investigation of a four-person medical team in rural Iowa, Hirokawa discovered that:

A

team members’ discussions consistently failed to align with the four requisite functions of the functional perspective

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10
Q

According to the functional perspective, a low-status member of a group

A

should insist on a careful process in order to influence the final decision

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11
Q

Stohl and Holmes contend that most real-life groups

A

have a prior decision-making history and are imbedded within a larger organization

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12
Q

T/F: Hirokawa and Gouran repeatedly state that goal setting is the most important function in group decision-making

A

False

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13
Q

T/F: Hirokawa regards discussion as an instrument that group members use to create the social reality in which decisions are made

A

True

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14
Q

T/F: The specific route through the four functions a group takes during the decision-making process is crucial

A

False

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15
Q

T/F: The specific route through the four functions a group takes during the decision-making process is crucial

A

False

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16
Q

T/F: Counteractive communication is used by group members to move the group back on track

A

True

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17
Q

T/F: Hirokawa warns that groups addressing tasks with a negative bias may have trouble sucessfully solving problems

A

False

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18
Q

T/F: For Hirokawa and Gouran, goal setting must occur first in the process of group decision-making

A

False

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19
Q

Researchers who “map out” social discourse are called

A

ethnographers

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20
Q

Pacanowsky argues that culture is not something an organization has,

A

but is something an organization is

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21
Q

Which of the following is not a type of story that Pacanowsky claims dramatizes organizational life?

A

resistant stories

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22
Q

To Geertz and Pacanowsky, some rituals are

A

texts that articulate multiple aspects of cultural life and nearly sacred, and attempted change will be resisted

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23
Q

The ethnographic approach to organizational culture championed by Pacanowsky has been criticized because

A

its hands-off attitude toward influence bothers pragmatists

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24
Q

T/F: Stories repeated over and over provide a convenient window through which to view corporate webs of significance

A

true

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25
Q

T/F: Geertz admits that the concept of culture as systems of shared meanings is somewhat vague and difficult to grasp

A

True

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26
Q

T/F: Geertz believes that an effective manager can manufacture a culture to suit management’s needs

A

False

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27
Q

T/F: While some aspects of corporate culture are long lasting and difficult to control, shared meanings are relatively easy to dispel

A

False

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28
Q

T/F: Geertz and Pacanowsky maintain that the way to understand a culture is to observe it as a stranger in a foreign land

A

True

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29
Q

T/F: Central to the research method of the cultural approach to organizations are content analyses that require exhaustive frequency counts of the various activities of workers

A

False

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30
Q

T/F:Rituals are established procedure or routine, or in other words “this is the way it’s always been and always will be.”

A

True

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31
Q

T/F: Collegial stories are positive or negative anecdotes about others in the organization; descriptions of how things “really” work

A

True

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32
Q

T/F: Personal stories are tales told by employees that put them in a favorable light

A

True

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33
Q

T/F: Personal stories are positive or negative anecdotes about others in the organization; descriptions of how things “really” work

A

False

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34
Q

T/F: Collegial stories are tales that carry management ideology and reinforce company policy

A

False

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35
Q

T/F: Corporate stories are told by employees that put them in a favorable light

A

False

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36
Q

Deetz’ critical theory of communication in organizations emphasizes

A

language’s role in shaping social reality

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37
Q

Deetz’ critical theory of communication in organizations

A

seeks to balance corporate and human interests

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38
Q

Above all else, managerialism prizes

A

control

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39
Q

What is not one of the four ways corporate decisions can be made?

A

critique

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40
Q

Through the process of consent, employees of a corporation

A

accomplish the interests of management in the faulty attempt to fulfill their own interests

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41
Q

Deetz is convinced that meaningful democratic participation in corporate decision making

A

benefits both the employees and the corporation

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42
Q

Corporate decision processes that invite open dialogue among all stakeholders are called

A

codetermination

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43
Q

Deetz approach to corporate decision making is inherently attractive, yet

A

his constructivist view of communication does not necessarily support his reformist agenda.

his campaign for stakeholder negotiation may be infeasible.

it may be unrealistic to expect one theory to reform both commonsense conceptions of

communication and private business simultaneously.

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44
Q

T/F: Deetz argues that both traditional capitalism and managerial capitalism contribute to managerial control

A

True

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45
Q

T/F: Deetz has developed a critical communication theory aimed at ensuring the financial health of corporations while increasing the representation of diverse human interests

A

True

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46
Q

T/F: Deetz’ endorsement of strategy, consent, involvement, and participation provides the core of his critique of managerialism

A

False

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47
Q

T/F: Codetermination represents the collaborative constructions of self, other and the world

A

True

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48
Q

T/F: Through the process of consent, most employees are richly rewarded for their loyalty

A

False

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49
Q

If involvement does not lead to participation, it can create worker cynicism

A

True

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50
Q

T/F: Deetz envisions at least six classes of stakeholders with multiple needs and desires

A

True

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51
Q

T/F: Deetz believes that there is no legitimate basis for privileging one group of stakeholders over another

A

True

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52
Q

T/F: Involvement refers to stakeholder democracy; the process by which all stakeholders in an organization negotiate power and openly reach collaborative decisions

A

False

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53
Q

T/F: Participation refers to stakeholder democracy; the process by which all stakeholders in an organization negotiate power and openly reach collaborative decisions

A

True

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54
Q

T/F: Involvement refers to stakeholders’ free expression of ideas that may, or may not, affect managerial decisions

A

True

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55
Q

Participation refers to stakeholders’ free expression of ideas that may, or may not, affect managerial decisions

A

False

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56
Q

Aristotle envisioned rhetoric as

A

addressing specific, practical questions

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57
Q

The issue of speaker credibility relates most specifically to

A

ethos

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58
Q

A deductive argument that omits a premise is called an

A

enthymeme

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59
Q

Early Athenian public speaking professors whose practical approach lacked a theoretical foundation were called

A

Sophists

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60
Q

Which, for Aristotle, was not a fundamental component of ethos

A

dynamism

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61
Q

Which of the canons of rhetoric was not a particular concern of Aristotle’s

A

memory

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62
Q

For Aristotle, metaphor was a key component of

A

style

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63
Q

Aristotle believed that appeals to the emotions

A

could be used in a negative way
could inspire reasoned civic decision making

should be used ethically

64
Q

Aristotle’s Rhetoric has been criticized because

A

he seems to waffle on ethical issues

65
Q

T/F: Metaphor is an important component of the canon of invention

A

False

66
Q

T/F: On the whole, Aristotle’s concept of ethos has held up well under scientific scrutiny

A

True

67
Q

T/F: Aristotle believed that the effective speaker must know how to appeal to the emotions of the audience

A

True

68
Q

T/F: The syllogism is an example of inductive reasoning

A

False

69
Q

T/F: Under Aristotle’s classification scheme, Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address” would be considered an example of forensic speaking

A

False

70
Q

T/F: Rhetoric has been defined as the discovery in each case of the available means of persuasion

A

True

71
Q

T/F: Aristotle believed that truth has a moral superiority that makes it more acceptable than falsehood

A

True

72
Q

Fisher believes that human nature is epitomized by

A

storytelling

73
Q

Which of the following is one of the assumptions of the prevailing rational-world paradigm?

A

People are essentially rational

74
Q

Which of the following is one of the assumptions of the narrative paradigm?

A

We make decisions on the basis of good reasons

75
Q

The ultimate test of narrative coherence is whether or not

A

the characters act in a reliable manner

76
Q

To the extent that the details of the story portray the world we live in, the narrative has

A

fidelity

77
Q

Fisher believes that stories can be evaluated using the twin tests of narrative

A

coherence and fidelity

78
Q

According to Fisher, the ideal audience

A

is guided by humane values in determining good reasons

79
Q

One critic of Fisher’s theory charges that his narrative paradigm

A

cannot explain the persuasive power of evil stories

80
Q

Which of the following is not one of the values that Fisher believes shapes our logic of good reasons

A

rationality

81
Q

T/F: Fisher holds that nearly all forms of human communication need to be seen fundamentally as stories

A

true

82
Q

T/F: Fisher maintains that offering good reasons has more to do with telling a compelling story than it does with piling up evidence or constructing a tight argument

A

True

83
Q

T/F: The narrative paradigm sees the world as a collection of logical puzzles that we can solve through rational analysis

A

False

84
Q

T/F: According to Fisher, not all stories are equally good

A

True

85
Q

T/F: We seldom judge the coherence of a story by comparing it with other stories we have heard that deal with the same theme

A

False

86
Q

T/F: Fisher argues that an ideal audience will be convinced by how concisely and rationally a speaker argues

A

False

87
Q

T/F: Fisher believes that people have a natural tendency to prefer truthful and humane stories to stories lacking those characteristics

A

True

88
Q

T/F: A story has narrative fidelity when it provides logic of good reasons to guide our future actions

A

True

89
Q

Why does McLuhan contend that media environments are “invisible”?

A

We are so immersed we don’t notice them

90
Q

Accounting for the _______________ of the media environment means considering both incremental and sudden changes.

A

complexity

91
Q

According to McLuhan, the phonetic alphabet inspired

A

linear thinking

92
Q

McLuhan believed that the course of history was determined by changes in

A

modes of communication

93
Q

McLuhan claimed that the “primitive” people of the tribal village

A

had well-developed senses of hearing, touch, taste, and smell.

were dominated by the right hemisphere of the brain.

led richer, more complex lives than their literate descendants.

94
Q

“The medium is the message” suggests that

A

the channel is more influential than the content it carries

95
Q

Scholars suggest that we may be in the ______________ age, the next epoch in human history.

A

digital

96
Q

What is a Faustian bargain?

A

a deal with the devil

97
Q

McLuhan has been criticized because

A

media ecology is difficult to test

98
Q

T/F: The phonetic alphabet transformed the world into a global village.

A

False

99
Q

T/F: McLuhan felt that the electronic media were retribalizing the world.

A

True

100
Q

T/F: The dominant medium of any age shapes its people.

A

True

101
Q

T/F: McLuhan held that we should focus attention on the everyday uses of technology.

A

True

102
Q

T/F: Media becomes an extension of the human self.

A

True

103
Q

T/F: For Postman, television has costs society more than it has given us in return.

A

True

104
Q

According to Stuart Hall’s lecture, interrogation of the image includes

A

asking questions about who is being served

examining media images for issues of power

never accepting media messages at face value

105
Q

Hall is most likely to:

A

Expose racism and reproduction of racial inequality

Dissect how media exploit the poor and powerless

106
Q

Hall maintains that he wants to

A

unmask the power imbalances in society

107
Q

Hall’s main concern with corporate control of mass communication is that it

A

prevents many stories from being told.

108
Q

Both speaking out on oppression and linking that subjugation with the communication media are incorporated in the term

A

articulation

109
Q

In the text, Douglas Kellner argues that during the Gulf War, the media

A

practiced hegemonic encoding.

emphasized tactical aesthetics over morality.

commodified the war itself.

110
Q

T/F: Hall doubts the scientific community’s potential to find any useful answers to important questions about media influence.

A

True

111
Q

T/F: According to Hall, any theory that deconstructs the current structure of media studies should be loudly denounced as supporting the power structure of the elite.

A

False

112
Q

T/F: According to cultural studies, communication is a unique discipline that should remain separate from other academic disciplines within the overall structure of the university.

A

False

113
Q

T/F: One of Hall’s most positive contributions to mass communication study is his constant reminder that it is futile to talk about meaning without considering power at the same time.

A

True

114
Q

T/F: One of Hall’s most positive contributions to mass communication study is his constant reminder that it is unnecessary to talk about meaning when considering power at the same time.

A

False

115
Q

T/F: Most cultural studies theorists bring an empirical, social scientific approach to their analyses.

A

False

116
Q

T/F: The goal of cultural studies is to raise our consciousness of the media’s role in preserving the status quo.

A

True

117
Q

The overt expression of physical force (with or without a weapon, against self or others), compelling action against one’s will on pain of being hurt and/or killed or threatened to be so victimized as part of the plot is called

A

dramatic violence

118
Q

Which of the following is not considered violent using Gerbner’s index plan?

A

verbal abuse

119
Q

To be defined as a heavy viewer, one must watch at least

A

four hours of television a day

120
Q

Another name Gerbner uses for a heavy viewer is a

A

television type

121
Q

Heavy television viewers usually label themselves

A

middle class

122
Q

The recurring dramatic theme focused upon by Gerbner’s cultivation theory is

A

violence

123
Q

Gerbner gauged the overall level of violence by looking at the

A

percentage of programs that scripted violence.

rate of violence in programming.

percentage of characters involved in physical harm and killing.

124
Q

Gerbner found that

A

over half of prime-time programs contain violence

125
Q

The term that describes the process of blurring, blending, and bending the opinions of heavy television viewers is

A

mainstreaming

126
Q

Cultivation theory has been criticized

A

for a variety of methodological problems

127
Q

T/F: Gerbner chose to allow cartoon action to be characterized as violence if it met other criteria.

A

True

128
Q

T/F: A heavy television viewer does not want to watch specific shows as much as watch television per se.

A

True

129
Q

T/F: For resonance to occur, an individual must have had a firsthand experience with physical violence.

A

True

130
Q

T/F: According to Gerbner, Everybody Loves Raymond , and Friends are not typical television programming.

A

True

131
Q

T/F: Both light and heavy viewers overestimate the possibility that they will be the victims of violence in the near future.

A

True

132
Q

T/F: For resonance to occur, an individual must does not necessarily have to have a firsthand experience with physical violence.

A

False

133
Q

For McCombs and Shaw, an important story in the newspapers would be

A

a three-column story on an inside page.

a lead editorial.

a front-page headline story.

134
Q

At the second level of agenda setting, the media

A

transfer salience of a collection of attributes that the media associate with an attitude object to the audience’s image of the object.

135
Q

The need for orientation arises from

A

high relevance and uncertainty.

136
Q

Recently, McCombs has concluded that

A

the media does influence the way we think.

137
Q

T/F: The public agenda is the pattern of news coverage across major print and broadcast media as measured by the prominence and length of stories, whereas the media agenda concerns the most important public issues as measured by public opinion surveys.

A

False

138
Q

T/F: The media agenda is the pattern of news coverage across major print and broadcast media as measured by the prominence and length of stories, whereas the public agenda concerns the most important public issues as measured by public opinion surveys.

A

True

139
Q

T/F: People with a high need for orientation tend to be resistant to the media’s political priorities.

A

False

140
Q

T/F: Recent experimental studies have ruled out the possibility that public priorities are set by media priorities.

A

False

141
Q

T/F: In order for the agenda-setting function hypothesis to be established as a causal relationship, a lag between media priorities and public priorities must be observed.

A

True

142
Q

T/F: Recent agenda-setting research suggests that the media not only set the agenda for what issues are important, but also make some aspects of issues more salient than others.

A

True

143
Q

T/F: The public’s perception of professional basketball has been affected by the television network’s agenda.

A

True

144
Q

T/F: In their initial research, McCombs and Shaw found a nearly perfect correlation between the media’s and the public’s ordering of priorities.

A

True

145
Q

T/F: Funkhouser’s research clearly demonstrated that the twin agendas of the public and the media are not simply reflections of reality.

A

True

146
Q

Group Think

A

decision-making in cohesive groups characterized by uncritical acceptance or conformity to prevailing points of view

147
Q

Functional Perspective on Group Decision Making

A

groups make high quality decisions when members fulfill four requisite functions, including problem analysis, goal setting, identification of alternatives, and evaluation of positive and negative consequences

148
Q

Cultural Approaches to Organizations

A

An organization is a culture or unique system of shared meanings; stories, rituals, and other symbolism can be used to make sense of corporate culture.

149
Q

Critical Theory of Communication in Organizations

A

Corporate decision making processes systematically exclude the voices of people who are directly affected by the decisions; managers can further a company’s health through collaborative decision-making.

150
Q

The Rhetoric

A

rhetoric is the art of discovering all available means of persuasion; a speaker supports the probability of of a message by logical, ethical, and emotional proofs

151
Q

Narrative Paradigm

A

almost all forms of communication are fundamentally narrative; listeners judge a story by whether it hangs together (coherence) and rings true with the values of an ideal audience (fidelity).

152
Q

Media Ecology

A

changes in communication technology (e.g. the phonetic alphabet, printing press, and telegraph) have shaped our perceptions, experiences, attitudes, and behavior.

153
Q

Cultural Studies

A

the mass media function to maintain the ideology of those who already have power: media audiences have the capacity to resist hegemonic influence

154
Q

Cultivation Theory

A

television has become society’s storyteller; heavy television viewers see a vast quantity of dramatic violence, which cultivates an exaggerated belief in a mean and scary world

155
Q

Agenda-Setting Theory

A

the media tells us (1) what to think about (agenda setting) and (2) how to think about it (framing)

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