export_biology Flashcards
DNA
structure was defined by JD Watson & FHC Crick in 1953 -DNA is a double helix (spiral) composed of 2 parallel spiral-side chains made of deoxyribose phosphate - Composes the compounds of *genetic inheritance & energy control in cells
RNA
-Made by DNA as a chemical messenger, it is sent to a cell organelle called a ribosome - On the ribosome RNA builds all of the cell’s proteins (especially enzymes) which allows cell to do all the things cells do
Cell membrane
Outermost living cell part - made of 2 layers of phospholipids w. embedded proteins
Cytoplasm
-the protein-based contents of cells - includes everything inside of the cell membrane
Organelles
Parts of the cell that provides specific life-based functions. *The “organs” of the cells.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), organelle
Circulation system & protein manufacturer of the cell
Ribosomes, organelle
Located on the rough form of the ER. Receives RNA from the nucleus. (Review: RNA builds all of the cell’s protein, especially enzymes.
Golgi Complexes, organelle (AKA Golgi Apparatus, Golgi body
Used to activate proteins. They package up material in a cell that needs to be sent out of the cell in *vacuoles (small bags). - They produce lysosomes & microbodies & help package or expel cellular wastes. -They are found in secreting cells (gland cells)
Lysosomes & Microbodies, organelles
The cell’s digestive system. -They eliminate worn out cell parts by digesting them
Mitochondria, organelle
The power station. -It produces ATP (Adenosine triphosphate), a compound related to DNA & RNA. - ATP regulates energy in cells.
Nucleus & Nucleoulus, organelle
-Nucleus is the large central body in the cell containing DNA in the form known as chromatin. -DNA provides the majority of genetic instructions for a cell. -Nucleolus is in the nucleus and contains RNA.
Centrioles, organelle
-play an undefined role in cell division (no one is sure why or what, but if you take them away cell division can be disrupted). -Also make organelles of movement - cilia or the flagella. These are hair like projections that beat back and forth. Cilia moves mucus in the gut and trachea & flagella move sperm.
Mitosis
Cell division used for growth, replacement, & repair. 5 phases: Interphase - All cell growth here. DNA is copied. DNA is called chromatin. Only stage where DNA is NOT called chromosomes. Longest phase of cell’s life. Prophase - Chromatin converts to chromosomes. Nucleus is replaced w. a spindle. Chromosomes floating around cell start to move to middle. Metaphase - Chromosomes line up in midline of the cell. Anaphase - Chromosomes separate & move toward the end of the cell. Telophase - Spindles replaced w. nuclei. Cell splits (cytokenesis) into 2 complete cells. 2 new cells are formed. Beginning Interphase again Telophase
Anatomy
the study of structure & relationships among structures. 9 subdivisions of anatomy. Surphase ana
