export_basic concepts of radiation Flashcards
Emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles which can cause ionization?
Radiation
How radiation enters through the body?
- Inhalation
- Ingestion
- Absorption
A stream of particles or electromagnetic waves are emitted from atoms of radioactive substances as a result of?
Nuclear Decay
Sources of radiation?
- Cosmic
- Terrestrial
- Internal Radionuclides
Natural background radiation which originates from outer space?
Cosmic Background Radiation
What sends a constant stream of cosmic radiation?
Sun and Stars
Small variation in temperature of background radiation?
Anisotropies
Radioactive material found throughout nature like soil, water and vegetation?
Terrestrial Radiation.
Common Terrestrial radioactive elements?
Thorium and Uranium.
Radioactive gas that is inhaled?
Radon
Major isotopes of concern for terrestrial radiation?
Uranium, and the decay products.
Decay products of Uranium?
Thorium, Radium, Radon.
Naturally occurring radioactive gas which can accumulate in closed places?
Radon
When an unstable atom breaks down, the nucleus turns into?
Daughter Products
Locations which have higher concentrations of uranium and thorium have higher?
Dose levels.
Give the common examples of internal radionuclides in our body?
K40 C14 Pb210
Primary source of radiation from the human body?
K40
Amount of radioactive K40 in a 70kg person?
5000Bq
Unit which symbolizes the number of atoms undergoing radioactive decay every second?
Becquerels
Sources of C14
Plant based food.
Name the two groups of man exposed to radiation?
- Members of the Public
* Occupationally Exposed Individuals
Sources of man made radiation that expose the public?
- Medical Procedures
- Consumer Products
- Nuclear Fuel Cycle
- Shipment of radioactive materials
- Nuclear weapons residue.
Most significant exposure to man made radiation comes from?
Medical Procedures.
Some isotopes used in medical imaging?
I 131 Tc 99m Co 60 Ir 192 Cs 137
Radioactive substance in tobacco?
Thorium
Radioactive substance in watches?
Tritium
Radioactive substance in Smoke detectors?
Americium
Radioactive material in lantern Mantles?
Thorium
Worst nuclear accidents?
Chernobyl and Fukushima
Where was Chernobyl?
Ukraine
Some isotopes which which affect radiation workers?
U, Co 60 Cs 137 Am 241
How is radiation exposure monitored?
Dosimeters
Two basic types of radiation?
- Particulate Radiation
* Electromagnetic Radiation
A stream of atomic or subatomic particles which carry energy?
Particulate Radiation
Forms of energy subatomic particles carry?
- Kinetic Energy
* Mass in Motion
Two properties of subatomic particles?
- Energy
* Mass
Alternative name for particle radiation?
Corpuscular Radiation.
Type of ionizing radiation ejected by the nuclei of unstable atoms. It is heavy, high energy consisting of 2 protons and two neutrons?
Alpha particles.
Subatomic particle identical to helium nucleus.
Alpha particles.
Who discovered the alpha particle?
Ernest Rutherford.
When did Ernest Rutherford discover the alpha particle?
1899.
What atom was Ernest Rutherford working with when he discovered the alpha particle?
Uranium.
Velocity of alpha particles?
one twentieth the speed of light.
What is the speed of light?
3.8 x 108 m/s
Atomic number of naturally occurring alpha emitters?
82 above.
2 alpha emitters used in industrial processes?
- Radium 226
- Polonium 210
- Americium 241
Use of Radium 226?
Treat cancer.
Use of Polonium 210?
Static Eliminator.
High velocity particle with the charge of -1.
Beta Particles
Meaning of Beta?
High speed.
Mass of beta particles?
549 millionth of one amu.
Mass of beta particle compared to protons or neutrons?
1/2000
Who discovered beta particles?
Henri Becquerel
When did Henri Becquerel discover the beta particle?
1900
Beta particles are identical to?
Electrons.
Factor which affects speed of beta particles?
Energy
Used to treat thyroid disorders?
Iodine 131