exploration & the effects of it Flashcards
Prince Henry of Portugal
Wanted to find sea-route to Asia around Africa, lead to better mapping of African coast/better navigational tools/ships
Encomienda system
Spanish settlers given a # of natives to work for them in exchange for protection (caused cruel treatments and caused a massive amount of native pop. to die)
De la Casas debated this system, which led to reform
This led to enslavement of Africans
Cortez
Conquered & destroyed Aztec capital, wanted land, Christian/religious motivations
Pizarro
defeated Incas in 1532, Spanish advancements made conquest easy
Bartolomé de la Casas
Spanish missionary who denounced encomienda, claimed natives were humans too and were capable of (conversion) being Christian & learning Christianity
Columbian Exchange
Exchange of disease, plants, animals between Europe & the New World
Casta system
Social hierarchy in New Spain: Spaniards (1), Mestizos (2), enslaved Africans & natives (3)
Mestizo
A person of both native and Spanish origin
Pope’s Rebellion
Many pueblo people in New Mexico united by Pope to revolt against the Spanish who had oppressed them and restricted their religions (forceful conversion)
Why did Europeans (specifically Spain) colonize?
Social → Competition for land acquisition with Portugal. To solidify the power and importance of Spain in Europe (after they had been divided for a long time)
Religious → Convert natives to christianity
Political → Acquire land and colonize for the Spanish crown
Economic→ Access to trade, wealth (gold), and resources native to the Americas
Effects of Columbian Exchange - what was introduced to the Americas? What was the significance?
Horses - this allowed people to communicate and trade at a greater level than ever before
Food - new crops were introduced to the Europeans and natives - led to population increase for Europe because of more nutrition
Disease - diseases from Europe was introduced - main factor for population decrease in Native Americans
Religion - Christianity was forced onto Native Americans - wanted to convert natives, disregarding their religion and tradition
Social changes - implementation of Encomienda and Casta systems
Demographic changes - Europe population increased, native population decreased - less native resistance (because of population decrease) made it easier for Europeans to conquer the New World
Economic changes - europeans exploited Natives (encomienda) to bolster their economies – made them more wealthy
Mercantilism
there was a lot of competition for and in the new world
land = resources = money = power
why were europeans trying to spread christianity?
Natives needed “saving”
building their empire
controlling the Native population
Spanish (and some French) exploration in 1500s in the Americas
1521 - de Leon made first known expeditions to Puerto Rico and Florida
1528 - de Narvaez & 400 men went to Florida again; through storms, colds, diseases, only 4 survived; came back and told everyone what they saw; their stories inspired more exploration
1539 - de Niza went up North with one of those 4 survivors and reported that he was told there was gold there
1540 - de Coronado - large expedition to Arizona; attacked villages when Zunis resisted - other Natives were also not accepting of submitting to Spanish power and supplying food to them
1539 - De Soto sailed to Florida
1540 - de Soto explored Georgia & Carolinas; Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi - tried to make Native Americans slaves
1542 - Cabrillo - sailed across Pacific coast and thought CA was a good country for settlement
1562 - Coligny from France wanted to secure Florida for France and wanted a safe place for Protestants - created Fort Caroline in Florida - Spain considered this a threat
1565 - de Aviles (Spanish) went to Florida to get rid of French Protestants and establish cities
Natives resisted religious conversion, but valued Spanish goods and provided colony with food
de Aviles attacked Fort Caroline and killed everyone
1598 - de Onate - New Mexico - Pueblo did not like Spanish rule and conversion of Christianity so they attacked Spanish and Spaniards ruined them
About spanish colonies in Florida - why was it so successful?
valued independence - wanted to avoid social hierarchy in new spain
there was slavery in St. Augustine - de Aviles only brought 50 slaves and they were a part of black militia
other Europeans settled in the area to start a new life and sometimes escape religious persecution
alliances with Indians
Indian leaders came to St. Augustine to trade and negotiate - casually accepted Spanish rule
