Exploitation of the Sea Flashcards
Should encourage a move to fishing in more sustainable areas than the deep sea.
Norse 2011
Shallower, more productive ecosystems which are more resilient and suitable than the deep sea.
Low harvest rates vs high harvest rates
Hilborn 2011
Low harvest rates better for ecosystems, high harvestr ates provide jobs, income, food etc. By catch reduction and marine reserves - species with low population growth rates are better protected but overall fishing effort is constant.
Groudfish stocks
Hilborn 2011
Maintaining stocks of groundfish at higher biomass could buffer against climate change, ocean acidification, and establishment of non-native species. This would also benefit marine birds and mammals.
Effects of discards and survival rate on MSY estimation based on landings or catches.
Guillen 2014
Seismic airgun effects on fish hearing
Popper 2005
Causes temporary threshold shifts in the three species studied and recovery is within 24 hours. But need too be careful in deeper water or longer surveys.
Relationship between vessel traffic and noise levels received by killer whales
Houghton 2013
Vessel noise is a potential stressor for SRKW. Received noise levels correlated with the number of vessels and their size/speed.
Effects of oil spills (short term vs long term, heavy vs light, thermoregulation)
Otters and Exxon Valdez
Fair and Becker 2000
Vulnerability depends on behaviour
Short term inhalation = irritation of mucous membranes, long term = nervous system damage or death.
Heavy foul appendages, cling to fur, clog orifices; lighter cause irritation around eyes.
Decrease in body temp if rely on fur/hair for warmth (although dark seals)
10-20% otters dead as a direct result of EV
Oils and dispersants - effects on copepods
Cohen 2014
Dispersant alone has big negative effect on survival, dispersant plus oil reduces swimming ability.
Appropriate use of dispersants, elasticity agents etc
Tamis 2011
Appropriate use may reduce damage but inappropriate use could increase negative effects.
Elasticity agents - increase efficacy of skimmers for removal - modify oil’s natural properties and reduce dispersion. BUT very problematic is treated and then not recovereda
Loss of communication space for right whales
Hatch 2012
Auditory hair cell regeneration in teleosts
Smith 2010
Fish can regenerate hair cells and prevent deafness.
Benefits to those aiming to mitigate against effects of anthropogenic noise on fitness.
Salmon lice
Torrissen 2013
Salmon farming = better growth conditions for lice. Lice develop resistance to drugs.
Negative impact on wild stocks - decrease catches and reduce demand for fishing licences
Use of plant-derived products
Bulfon 2015
Antibiotics can cause resistance, immunosuppression, pollution, bioaccumulation. Vaccination effective but expensive.
Plants: inexpensive, readily available, biocompatible. Can enhance immune responses of farmed fish and have some benefits on fish growth/survival.
Aquaculture and invasive species
Consuegra 2010
Cultured animals have low genetic diversity and low survivability in the wild.
Non-native rainbow trout in Chile are now widespread after escapes from farms - hybrids present at up to 60%. Could be positive? Increasing genetic diversity.
Invasive species and climate change
Callaway 2012
