Explanations For Forgetting

Question 1

Retrieval failure

Answer 1

Retrieval failure occurs when the cues that were present at the encoding of information are not present during the recall of information this leads to forgetting.

Eyescnec= suggests that retrieval failure failure is the reason why we forget information that is from the LTM

Baddeley= deep water divers recall better at matching conditions rather than matching conditions(underwater) than non matching conditons (land)

Baddeley negative = lacks ecological validity, conditions cant be as polar as water and land

Question 2

Interference

Answer 2

Interference occurs when the recall of one memory blocks the recall of another. This can either be retroactive or proactive.
Proactive = old replaces new
Retroactive= new replaces old

Mcdonald et al= conducted experiment on ppts of 6 groups where they had to recall lists unrelated to the original , synonyms, antonyms , 3 digit numbers and etc. The synonym list of words was recalled much more than the original list, proving that when two memories are similar they r more likely of being forgettable

Question 3

Negative for interference

Answer 3

Artifical lists lack ecological validity, this would not be realistic in real life and therefore isnt reliable

Question 4

Factors affecting eye witness info: misleading info

Answer 4

Loftus and palmer showed a group of particpants a video of a car crash, and then told to give speed estimates
They presented the ppts with yhe leading question “ how far was the car going when they x into each other”

X= verb
When the verb was smashed, ppts were more likely to state that they seen glass shards

Question 5

Misleading info

Answer 5

Demand characteristics , particpants lnow of the experiment so they are likely to want to be as helpful as possible, ppts could show social desirability bias and state an answer that would seem beneficial.

Question 6

Anxiety affects EWT

Answer 6

Johnson and scott= states that anxiety can affect recall.
Particpants when overheard a heated arguement while in a waiting room, when in one high anxiety condition the confederate enters holding a bloody paper knife
, low anxiety condition holds a pen

Ppts recalled more incorrectly in the high anxiety condition than the low anxiety condition

Question 7

anxiety exp negatives

Answer 7

Ethical issues , distressed the ppts and didnt protect from psych harm

Weapon focus could be measuring levels of surprise rather than anxiety

Question 8

Cog interview

Answer 8

This is to help with the interference of memories

1. Report everything, even if snall
2. Reinstate the context
3. Change the perspective
4. reverse the order

Negatives = increases the effects of recalling wrong information

Too time consuming, requires heavy specialist skills

Produces the greatest accuracy of information