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Sport Science Y2S1 > Expert In Performance > Flashcards

Expert In Performance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is personality?

A

The sum of characteristics that make a person unique

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2
Q

What are the 4 key principles of personality + explain

A
  1. Enduring - consistent across time and situations
  2. Distinction - differentiate between individuals (not everyone is same)
  3. Contribution to behaviour allows for collection of empirical data
  4. Feeling, thinking + behaving takes into account all aspects of a person (not just one domain)
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3
Q

What are the 4 key principles of personality + explain

A
  1. Enduring - consistent across time and situations
  2. Distinction - differentiate between individuals (not everyone is same)
  3. Contribution to behaviour allows for collection of empirical data
  4. Feeling, thinking + behaving takes into account all aspects of a person (not just one domain)
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4
Q

What are the layers of personality that need to be considered to understand a whole sportsperson?

A
  1. Dispositional traits - broad, comparative tendencies or behavioural signature
  2. Characteristic adaptations - ones conscious goals + purpose
  3. Self-narrative identities - unfolding identities + self-stories
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5
Q

What must also be taken into account with regards to personality?

A

Must take into account environment

Lewins Equation:
B = F (P , E)

Behaviour is a function of their personality and environment

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6
Q

State the 2 key considerations relating performance and personality

A
  1. Performance-focused theoretical basis - why + how personality affects performance
  2. Main versus interactive effects - people are complex, interactive effect between a person and environment on behaviour is complex + so is relationship between performance + performance
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7
Q

What is the BIG 5 with regards to personality?

A

Openness - tendency to seek out new experiences (high = more willing)

Conscientiousness - organisation + goal-directed behaviour (high = hard-working, reliable)

Extraversion - quality of interpersonal interactions (high = assertive + talkative)

Agreeableness - concern for cooperation + social harmony (high = friendly + considerate)

Neuroticism - proneness to emotional instability (high = anxiety)

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8
Q

How are elite athletes different from recreational athletes in relation to personality?

A

They are more emotionally stable and extroverted than recreational level

  • higher conscientiousness
  • lower neuroticism
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9
Q

What is perfectionism?

A

Multidimensional construct characterised by high personal standards paired with self-criticism

  • plays a significant role in performance
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10
Q

What are the dimensions of perfectionism?

A
  1. Perfectionistic strivings - high personal standards + self-driven aspirations for excellence
  2. Perfectionistic concerns - anxiety surrounding mistakes, fear of negative social evaluation + negative responses to imperfection
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11
Q

Describe adaptive vs maladaptive perfectionism

A

Adaptive strivings = linked to enhanced performance, Olympic success, confidence + effective coping

Maladaptive concerns = associated with negative outcomes (avoidance behaviour) including detrimental conditions like ‘the yips’

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12
Q

Describe what hope is

A

Hope is defined as one’s perceived ability to reach goals, consisting of 2 cognitive processes

  • pathways = ability to create plans for achieving goals
  • agency = drive to pursue these goals
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13
Q

What does optimism refer to?

A

The broader expectation of positive outcomes rather than focusing solely on self-capabilities

  • it is positively associated with problem-focused coping strategies in sports
  • negatively associated with avoidance coping strategies
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14
Q

What is mental toughness?

A

Encompasses a stable disposition related to performing well under pressure, despite stressors + challenges

  • includes a range of values, attitudes + emotions contributing to successful goal attainment even amid diversity
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15
Q

Does mental toughness correlate with performance?

A

Yes research shows mental toughness predicts high-level performance and is tied to Olympic success

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16
Q

What is narcissism?

A

Characterised by entitlement, lack of empathy, manipulation + being self-centered

  • traits exhibit prominence in high-pressure sports events, potentially due to increased effort and preference for individualistic coaching styles
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17
Q

What is alexithymia?

A

Denotes a lack of emotional regulation, characterised by inability to identify and explores emotions = challenges in emotional contexts

  • can influence risk-taking behaviours + engagement in high-stress situations
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18
Q

Explain the folllowing statement:

The dark side of personality and sporting success

A

Many top athletes exhibit dark personality traits - driven, obsessive, self-centered

  • while these can leads to success, they may also hinder personal relationships + emotional well-being
19
Q

What is motivation?

A

Gives purpose or direction to behaviour and operates i. Humans at a conscious or unconscious level

20
Q

What are motivational motives divided into?

A

Physiological (primary) motives - hunger, thirst, sleep

Personal (secondary) motives - affiliation, competition, goals

21
Q

What happens when an individual has no motivation?

A
  • amotivation
  • learned helplessness
  • disengagement
  • burnout (previously highly motivated but lose it)
22
Q

How do athletes succeed in sport with relation to motivation?

A

Individuals sustain high levels of motivation through a very strong sense of doing an activity for the inherent satisfaction of doing activity itself

  • motivation must be maintained throughout a season to perform
  • can also be externally motivated - rewards etc
23
Q

List the key theories of motivation

A

Self Determination Theory
A. Basic Needs Theory
B. Cognitive Evaluation Theory
C. Organismic Integration Theory
D. Causality Orientation Theory

Achievement Goal Theory

24
Q

Describe the Basic Needs Theory of Motivation

A

There are 3 innate psychological needs that need to be satisfied for enhanced / maintained internal motivation

  • competence - feeling of mastery or accomplishment
  • autonomy - sense of being in control so that behaviour is self-determined
  • relatedness - sense of belonging and security
25
Q

Describe the Cognitive Evaluation Theory of motivation

A

CET highlights critical roles played by competence + autonomy in supporting intrinsic motivation

  • rewards undermine intrinsic motivation
  • if externally motivated over long time - internal motivation subsides
26
Q

Describe the Cognitive Evaluation Theory of motivation

A

CET highlights critical roles played by competence + autonomy in supporting intrinsic motivation

  • rewards undermine intrinsic motivation
  • if externally motivated over long time - internal motivation subsides
27
Q

What does cognitive evaluation theory question?

A

Questions at what conditions will external rewards negatively impact intrinsic motivation

  • all about how rewards are perceived
  • events that affect perceptions of competence + feelings of self-determination will affect intrinsic motivation
28
Q

How can cognitive evaluation theory be applied in elite sport?

A

Goal setting strategies should be used to confirm elite performers need for self-competence as long as they feel responsible for process being goal achievement

  • any situation deemed to have negative affect on attainment of goal = detrimental for intrinsic performance
29
Q

Describe the organismic integration theory?

A

Focuses on various forms of motivation from extrinsic to becoming more internal and autonomous

30
Q

What are the different forms of extrinsic motivation according to organismic integration theory?

A

Amotivation - lack of intentionality

External regulation - do it for rewards
Introjected - avoiding external sources of disapproval
Identified - for personally held values (learning new skills)
Integrated - behaviours that satisfy psychological needs (most internal of external)

Intrinsic - for enjoyment + pleasure

31
Q

Describe the causality orientation theory

A

Individuals possess 3 motivational climates

  1. Autonomy orientation - for personal growth, interests
  2. Controlled orientation - power structures that determine behaviour
  3. Impersonal orientation - focused on performance + anxieties
32
Q

What’s the key thing that can be done to focus on one orientation with regard to causality orientation theory?

A

Can be ‘primmed’ - by getting individuals in a head space using priming words

33
Q

Describe the achievement goal theory

A

Idea that competence is central and can be construed in 2 ways

  1. Task involvement - mastery focused + involves demonstrating competence through personal improvement
  2. Ego involvement - comparatively referenced + involves being superior to others / equal with less effort
34
Q

Link the achievement goal theory to elite sport

A

Individuals with strong ego orientation + low perceived ability = motivation difficulties

Better performance = higher task + ego but employ them in different situations

35
Q

What are attributions + what are they affected by?

A

Perceived reasons an individual gives for an event

  • affected by personality + environmental factors
36
Q

What are attributions + what are they affected by?

A

Perceived reasons an individual gives for an event

  • affected by personality + environmental factors
37
Q

Describe Weiners Attributional Theory

A

Locus of causality - internal or external (influences emotions)

Locus of stability - stable or unstable (influences expectancy of success)

Locus of controllability - in ones control or not (influences motivation)

38
Q

Link the attributional theory to elite sport

A

Attribute internal, controllable + stable reasons for SUCCESS

Attribute external, uncontrollable + unstable reasons for FAILURE

  • this style has self-serving bias to prevent slipping into learned helplessness
39
Q

What is a key motivation of elite athletes in real world?

A

Motivation and adversity - trauma seemed to fuel effort + need to excel

Phaeton Effect:
- individuals who show exceptional personal achievement have experienced loss of parents via death / desertion in childhood

Goldman Dilemma:
- questioning athletes on if they would take a drug making them unbeatable for next 5 years

40
Q

Explain the psychodynamic approach between adversity and motivation

A

Early life adversity induces a sense of loss that creates strong unconscious need to avoid such experiences in future

  • guilt
  • achievement striving
  • need for success
41
Q

What is John Henryism?

A

A high effort strategy of coping with adversity increases risk of ill health

  • efficacious mental + physical vigour
  • strong commitment to hard work
  • Single-minded determination to succeed
42
Q

What does optimal motivation look like?

A
  1. Approach not avoidance
  2. Active not passive
  3. Internal
  4. Positive rather than negative
  5. For yourself not for others
  6. Self regulated + self-determined
43
Q

What are the 3 kinds of goals?

A

Outcome - focus on results of something (involve interpersonal comparisons)

Performance - specify on end product of performance

Process - focus on processes that are important during performance

Sport Science Y2S1 (6 decks)

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