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Research Methods > Experiments > Flashcards

Experiments Flashcards

1
Q

What is an independent measures design?

A

Different participants take part in each condition, which will vary according to the independent variable

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2
Q

What are the strengths of an independent measures design?

A

Participants are less likely to experience fatigue, and it is easier to establish that the effect of the changes in groups are due to the variable being tested

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3
Q

What are the weaknesses of an independent measures design?

A

It is imporssible to control individual differences, and a larger sample size is needed

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4
Q

What is a repeated measures design?

A

An experimental design in which the same participants take part in each condition

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5
Q

What are the strengths of a repeated measures design?

A

It is unlikely that the results will be distorted by individual differences as each condition will see these differences, and the sample required may be smaller

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6
Q

What are the weaknesses of a repeated measures design?

A

Participants might guess the aim of the task as they repeat the experiment in different conditions (demand characteristics), order effects, and fatigue effect can be seen

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7
Q

What is the matched pairs design?

A

Different participants take aprt in each condition, however, each participant is matched according to certain characteristics with another participant in the other condition

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8
Q

What are the strengths of a matched pairs design?

A

Order effects should not affect the results, it is also unlikely that they will guess the aim of the study

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9
Q

What are the weaknesses of matched pairs design?

A

It is difficult and time-consuming matching the participants, and shared characteristics may be seen in different people in different ways.

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10
Q

What is a lab experiment?

A

An experiment carried out in a highly controlled environment, which will be an unnatural setting

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11
Q

What is a field experiment?

A

The setting of the experiment is natural regarding the behaviours intended to be observed, but there is still a clear IV and DV

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12
Q

What is a quasi-experiment?

A

The IV is naturally occuring or unethical to manipulate within the participants.

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13
Q

What are the strengths of a lab experiment?

A

Results are more reliable as the conditions created can be replicated, lack of extraneous variables

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14
Q

What are the weaknesses of a lab experiment?

A

Lacks ecological validity, demand characteristics

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15
Q

What are the strengths of a field experiment?

A

High ecological validity, less risk of demand characteristics

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16
Q

What are the weaknesses of a field experiment?

A

Make it hard to control extraneous variables, hard to obtain fully informed consent

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17
Q

What are the strengths of a quasi experiment?

A

Useful when its unethical to manipulate the IV, studies the ‘real effect’ so there is increased realism and ecological validity

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18
Q

What are the weaknesses of a quasi experiment?

A

Must wait for the IV to occur, can only be used where conditions vary naturally, aware they are studied - less internal validity

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19
Q

What is a research aim?

A

This is what the researchers aim to find out about a particular phenomenon or topic.

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20
Q

What is a research question?

A

The research aim o the investigation but done as a question

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21
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A specific, testable prediction of how one variable in an experiment will affect another variable

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22
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that predicts that the IV has no effect on the dependent variable. Any effects are due to chance.

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23
Q

What is an alternative hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that states there is a significant relationship between the two variables being studies and that the results were not due to chance.

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24
Q

What is a one-tailed hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that predicts the exact direction of which the independent variable will affect the dependent/measured variable

25
Q

What is a two-tailed hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that predicts that an effect will occur between the independent and dependent variable but not in a specified direction

26
Q

What is a type 1 error?

A

The rejection of a true null hypothesis (a false positive)

27
Q

What is a type 2 error?

A

Failing to reject a false null hypothesis (a false negative)

28
Q

What is involved in a good sample?

A

It should represent the tart population and it should be unbiased

29
Q

What are the different types of sample bias?

A

Gender bias, cultural bias, ethnocentric, population validity

30
Q

What is opportunity sampling?

A

Gathering a sample from the target population by asking people who are available and consenting at the time of the research

31
Q

What is a strength of opportunity sampling?

A

Quick and time effecient

32
Q

What is a weakness of opportunity sampling?

A

Not necessarily representative due to chance and is open to accidental researcher bias

33
Q

What is self-selecting sampling?

A

Participants choose themselves to take part in the study through response to recruitment offers often through adverts or emails

34
Q

What are some strengths of self-selecting sampling?

A

Volunteers are more likely to commit to the study, less chance of participants dropping out, can gain a large sample size quickly

35
Q

What are the weaknesses of self-selecting sampling?

A

There is a chance that not many people will see the advert or be interested enough to respond, leading to a small sample, there may e inherent bias in the participant as similar types of people may sign up.

36
Q

What is snowball sampling?

A

Collecting a group of participants, and gaining the rest of the sample through recruitment from these participants themselves

37
Q

What is a strength of snowball sampling?

A

Can allow access to people that may not otherwise be able to be recruited

38
Q

What is a weakness of snowball sampling?

A

May have a bias as people’s friends or family are likely to share characteristics meaning the sample is not representative of a wide enough group of people.

39
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Collecting a sample by ensuring each member of the target population has the same chance of being selected as any other member

40
Q

What is a strength of random sampling?

A

It is random and somewhat fair

41
Q

What are weaknesses of random sampling?

A

It can be time-consuming, could pull sample from the same area or gender of culture, not everyone who is picked may consent to take part

42
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

All types of member s of the population are presented proportionally by selecting different numbers of participants from all strata

43
Q

What is a strength of stratified sampling?

A

The sample will be representative and have no biases

44
Q

What is a weakness of stratified sampling?

A

This method is difficult, costly and time inefficient, the target population must also be fully accessible

45
Q

What comes under Respect?

A

Informed consent, right to withdraw and confidentiality

46
Q

What is informed consent?

A

The participant must give official and explicit consent to take part

47
Q

What is right to withdraw?

A

The participant must have the right to withdraw at any time

48
Q

What is confidentiality?

A

The personal details or private results gained must be kept confidential and anonymous unless they consent to otherwise

49
Q

What is competence?

A

The psychologists must provide the services they may give, such as academic or training to a high ability where specialist knowledge is concerned

50
Q

What comes under responsibility?

A

Protection from harm, and debrief

51
Q

What is protection from harm?

A

The experimenter must not physically or psychologically damage the participants or cause long term changes

52
Q

What is debrief?

A

After the experiment, the researchers must make it clear to the participants what the actual aim of the study and answer any questions

53
Q

What comes under integrity?

A

Deception

54
Q

What is deception?

A

The researchers must be honest in their acts and the outcomes of the experiments itself

55
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

It is the variable you change. It will result in varying conditions in the experiment to test the results of a change in that variable

56
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

It is the variable you measure or the one that the conclusion ‘depends’ on

57
Q

What is the control variable?

A

Extraneous variables that are isolated and controlled

58
Q

What are individual differnces?

A

The variance in each person that can sometimes be categorised or identified by not fully controlled for.

59
Q

What are confounding variables?

A

They are variables that are outside influences that alter the dependent variable.

Research Methods (6 decks)

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