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Research methods - EXPERIMENTAL > experimental methods > Flashcards

experimental methods Flashcards

1
Q

Experimental methods

A
  • the tool being used
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2
Q

Types of experimental methods

A
  • lab
  • field
  • natural
  • quasi
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3
Q

Lab

A
  • experiment conducted in lab
  • highly controlled environment
  • where researcher manipulates IV
  • and measures effect on DV
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4
Q

Strength of lab - AO3 - high control over EV

A
  • high level of control over extraneous variables (CONTEXT)
  • cause and effect can be established between IV and DV
  • increases internal validity of research
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5
Q

Strength of lab - AO3 - hight reliability

A
  • high reliability
  • experiment (CONTEXT) can be easily repeated
  • in same conditions
  • to check for consistent results
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6
Q

Limitation of lab - AO3 - lacks ecological validity

A
  • lacks ecological validity
  • carried out in artificial environment (CONTEXT)
  • so difficult to generalise findings (CONTEXT)
  • beyond setting of study
  • lowering external validity
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7
Q

Limitation of lab - AO3 - prone demand characteristics

A
  • prone to demand characteristics
  • ppts change natural behaviour
  • based on clues by researcher (CONTEXT)
  • lead to ppt choosing to help or hinder research
  • lowering internal validity
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8
Q

Field

A
  • experiement in natural environment
  • such as office or school
  • researcher manipulates IV
  • and measures effect on DV
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9
Q

Strength of field - AO3 - no demand characteristics

A
  • less prone demand characteristics
  • ppt not know being watched
  • less likely to guess clues given by researcher
  • less likely change natural behaviour (CONTEXT)
  • increases internal validity
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10
Q

Strength of field - AO3 - high ecological validity

A
  • high ecological validity
  • based in real life setting
  • so easier to generalise findings
  • beyond setting of study to other similar (CONTEXT)
  • increases internal validity
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11
Q

Limitation of field - AO3 - low reliability

A
  • low reliability
  • environment is natural (CONTEXT)
  • difficult to repeat
  • with exactly same conditions
  • to check for consistent results
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12
Q

Limitation of field - AO3 - ethical issue

A
  • could create ethical issue
  • lack of informed consent
  • ppl not aware being studied (CONTEXT)
  • would not have given consent
  • if ppt become aware may become upset
  • wish to withdraw data from research
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13
Q

Natural

A
  • researcher takes advantage of naturally occurring IV
  • variable would have changed even if experimenter not interested

IV natural not setting could be in a lab

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14
Q

Strength of natural - AO3 - opportunity

A
  • provide opportunity for research
  • may not otherwise occur
  • for ethical or practical reasons
  • e.g. Rutter’s study on romanian orphans - unethical to manipulate unless institutionalisation (IV) not occurred naturally
  • (CONTEXT)
  • so contributes to greater psychological understanding of behaviour
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15
Q

Strength of natural - AO3 - high ecological validity

A
  • high ecological validity
  • often based in real life settings
  • so easier to generalise findings
  • beyond setting of the study
  • to other similar settings (CONTEXT)
  • increases external validity
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16
Q

Limitation of natural - AO3 - rare

A
  • happen very rarely
  • limits opportunities for research (CONTEXT)
  • means is unlikely research can be repeated
  • to check for consistent results
  • so lacks reliability
17
Q

Limitation of natural - AO3 - low control EV

A
  • low control over extraneous variables
  • take place in natural environment (CONTEXT)
  • so difficult to establish cause and effect
  • between IV and DV
  • lowers internal validity
18
Q

Quasi

A
  • IV based on existing individual differences
  • between people
  • researcher has not manipulated
  • e.g. age or gender
  • measures affect on DV
19
Q

AO3 for quasi

A
  • can be conducted in natural or controlled environment
  • field or lab
  • so select appropriate strength and limitation
  • based on scenario
20
Q

Limitation for quasi - AO3 - sample bias

A
  • sample bias
  • sample being studied may have unique characteristics
  • (CONTEXT)
  • so difficult to generalise to target population (CONTEXT)
  • decreases external validity
21
Q

Define demand characteristics (2m)

A
  • any clues given off within research
  • could lead to ppt’s changing natural behaviour
  • to either help or hinder research (CONTEXT)
  • reducing internal validity
22
Q

How can demand characteristics be controlled?

A
  • getting another researcher
  • who does not know aims of research (CONTEXT)
  • to carry out experiment
  • so cannot give off clues to influence ppts
  • increase internal validity
    (controls help increase internal validity)

Research methods - EXPERIMENTAL (12 decks)

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