Experiment 5 - Carbohydrates

Question 1

energy storage for polysaccharide implants

Answer 1

starch

Question 2

energy reserve for animals

Answer 2

glycogen

Question 3

provides sugar for 24 - 36 hours when fasting

Answer 3

glycogen

Question 4

scientific name of cassava

Answer 4

manihot esculenta

Question 5

scientific name of potato

Answer 5

solanum tuberosum

Question 6

isolation principle of starch

Answer 6

by selective dissolution since starch is slightly soluble in H2O

Question 7

isolation principle of glycogen

Answer 7

1. Homogenization
2. 10% TCA
3. 95% EtOH
4. NaCl

Question 8

isolation principle of glycogen that ruptures the membrane

Answer 8

homogenization

Question 9

isolation principle of glycogen that removes protein by precipitation

Answer 9

95% EtOH & 10% TCA

Question 10

isolation principle of glycogen by purifying the glycogen

Answer 10

95% EtOH

Question 11

linear homoglycan of glucose connected by a1-4 linkages

Answer 11

amylose

Question 12

branched homoglycan with approximately 1 in 25 glucose linked in both a1-4 (linear part) and a1-6 (branched part)

Answer 12

amylopectin

Question 13

what hydrolysis?
- complete hydrolysis
- monosaccharide product

Answer 13

acid hydrolysis

Question 14

what hydrolysis?
- incomplete hydrolysis
- breaks specific bonds

Answer 14

enzymatic hydrolysis

Question 15

what hydrolysis?
- salivary amylase will break down a-1,4 glycosidic bonds
- yield a mixture of glucose, maltose, and other hydrolysates (oligosaccharides)

Answer 15

enzymatic hydrolysis

Question 16

what hydrolysis?
- aldo/keto groups are sensitive to strong base attacks

Answer 16

basic hydrolysis

Question 17

what hydrolysis?
- epimerization of aldoses and ketoses and aldose-ketose interconversion

Answer 17

basic hydrolysis

Question 18

what qualitative test?
- detect presence of carbohydrates

Answer 18

Molisch’s test

Question 19

what qualitative test?
- detect presence of polysaccharides

Answer 19

Iodine test

Question 20

What type of reaction is iodine test?

Answer 20

complexation reaction (amylose)

Question 21

what color does iodine (test for amylose) give off?

Answer 21

purple

Question 22

positive result of Molisch’s test

Answer 22

purple ring at interphase

Question 23

positive result of Iodine test

Answer 23

blue-black solution (starch-iodo complex)
red or pink solution (glycogen-iodo complex)

Question 24

principle of Molisch’s test

Answer 24

Strong acid (H2SO4) to dehydrate monosaccharide to produce furfural of hydroxymethylfurfural

Question 25

principle of iodine test

Answer 25

iodine slides into starch coil to give blue-black color

Question 26

reagents of Molisch's test

Answer 26

H2SO4, EtOH (ethanol), a-naphthol

Question 27

reagent of iodine test

Answer 27

KI

Question 28

detect reducing sugars

Answer 28

benedict's test

Question 29

similar to fehling's test

Answer 29

benedict's test

Question 30

distinguishes reducing monosaccharides and disaccharides

Answer 30

barfoed's test

Question 31

distinguishes aldoses from ketoses (ketohexoses)

Answer 31

seliwanoff's test

Question 32

specific test for pentoses

Answer 32

bial's orcinol test

Question 33

specific for galactose and lactose

Answer 33

mucid acid test

Question 34

test for all sugars with free carbonyl group at C1/C2 (all aldoses and ketoses)

Answer 34

phenlyhydrazone / osazone test

Question 35

Positive result of Benedict's test

Answer 35

brick red ppt for all reducing saccharides (all monosaccharides)

Question 36

Positive result of Barfoed's test

Answer 36

brick red ppt for all reducing monosaccharides

Question 37

Positive result for Seliwanoff's test

Answer 37

cherry-red solution for ketohexoses

Question 38

Positive result for Bial's orcinol test

Answer 38

blue-green solution for aldopentoses

Question 39

Positive result for Mucid acid test

Answer 39

broken glass-like or Rhombic crystals

Question 40

Positive result of osazone test

Answer 40

yellow-orange cystals (osazones)

Question 41

Strong oxadizing agent in mucid acid test

Answer 41

HNO3

Question 42

characteristic: needle-like, feathery time: 0.5 / 2 / 4-5 mins

Answer 42

Glucosazone - Mannose, fructose, glucose

Question 43

characteristic: long, fine needle-like crystals time: 7 mins

Answer 43

Xylosazone (Xylose)

Question 44

characteristic: broad/flat crystals time: 15-19 mins

Answer 44

Galactosazone (galactose)

Question 45

characteristic: broad/needle-like crystals time: soluble in hot water

Answer 45

Maltosazone (maltose)

Question 46

characteristic: fine needles, grouped in balls time: soluble in hot water

Answer 46

Lactosazone (lactose)

Question 47

method based on the capacity of free reducing group of sugars and amount of carbohydrates present in a given sample

Answer 47

Nelson's method

Question 48

product of Nelson's A and Nelson's B reagents

Answer 48

tartaric acid product

Question 49

converted into molybdeuym blue

Answer 49

ammonium molybdate reagent

Question 50

reagent in Nelson's method added to dissolve Cu2O

Answer 50

ammonium molybdate reagent

Question 51

what is the meaning of G in Silica Gel G?

Answer 51

Gypsum

Question 52

visualizing agent in TLC of carbohydrates

Answer 52

p-anisaldehyde

Question 53

colors of spots produced by p-anisaldehyde

Answer 53

blue, blue-green, green colored spots

Question 54

excess source of glucose

Answer 54

glycogen

Question 54

hydrolyzable polymers of 2-6 (up to 9) monosaccharides

Answer 54

oligosaccharides

Question 55

composed of 2 monosaccharides

Answer 55

disaccharides

Question 56

hydrolyzable polymers of >6 monosaccharides (some greater than 9)

Answer 56

polysaccharides

Question 57

polymer of a single type of monosaccharide

Answer 57

homopolysaccharides

Question 58

polymer of at least 2 types of monosaccharides

Answer 58

heteropolysaccharides

Question 59

homo or hetero: glucosaminoglycans

Answer 59

hetero

Question 60

homo or hetero: glycogen

Answer 60

homo

Question 61

homo or hetero: cellulose

Answer 61

homo

Question 62

member of an enantiomeric pair that rotates clockwise (+)

Answer 62

dextrorotatory

Question 63

member of an enantiomeric pair that rotates counter-clockwise (-)

Answer 63

levorotatory

Question 64

6-membered ring

Answer 64

pyranose

Question 65

5-membered ring

Answer 65

furanose

Question 66

spontaneous conversion of one anomer to the other

Answer 66

mutarotation

Question 67

carbohydrate with a free or potentially free aldehyde or ketone group (not in a ring)

Answer 67

reducing sugars

Question 68

bond formed between the anomeric carbon of a carbohydrate and the hydroxyl oxygen atom of an alcohol or the nitrogen of an amine

Answer 68

glycosidic bonds

Question 69

"daytime" the process of storing excess glucose for use by the body at a later time

Answer 69

glycogenesis

Question 70

"at night when sleeping" occurs when the body, which prefers glucose as an energy source, needs energy

Answer 70

glycogenolysis