Experiment 5 - Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

energy storage for polysaccharide implants

A

starch

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2
Q

energy reserve for animals

A

glycogen

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3
Q

provides sugar for 24 - 36 hours when fasting

A

glycogen

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4
Q

scientific name of cassava

A

manihot esculenta

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5
Q

scientific name of potato

A

solanum tuberosum

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6
Q

isolation principle of starch

A

by selective dissolution since starch is slightly soluble in H2O

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7
Q

isolation principle of glycogen

A
  1. Homogenization
  2. 10% TCA
  3. 95% EtOH
  4. NaCl
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8
Q

isolation principle of glycogen that ruptures the membrane

A

homogenization

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9
Q

isolation principle of glycogen that removes protein by precipitation

A

95% EtOH & 10% TCA

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10
Q

isolation principle of glycogen by purifying the glycogen

A

95% EtOH

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11
Q

linear homoglycan of glucose connected by a1-4 linkages

A

amylose

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12
Q

branched homoglycan with approximately 1 in 25 glucose linked in both a1-4 (linear part) and a1-6 (branched part)

A

amylopectin

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13
Q

what hydrolysis?
- complete hydrolysis
- monosaccharide product

A

acid hydrolysis

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14
Q

what hydrolysis?
- incomplete hydrolysis
- breaks specific bonds

A

enzymatic hydrolysis

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15
Q

what hydrolysis?
- salivary amylase will break down a-1,4 glycosidic bonds
- yield a mixture of glucose, maltose, and other hydrolysates (oligosaccharides)

A

enzymatic hydrolysis

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16
Q

what hydrolysis?
- aldo/keto groups are sensitive to strong base attacks

A

basic hydrolysis

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17
Q

what hydrolysis?
- epimerization of aldoses and ketoses and aldose-ketose interconversion

A

basic hydrolysis

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18
Q

what qualitative test?
- detect presence of carbohydrates

A

Molisch’s test

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19
Q

what qualitative test?
- detect presence of polysaccharides

A

Iodine test

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20
Q

What type of reaction is iodine test?

A

complexation reaction (amylose)

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21
Q

what color does iodine (test for amylose) give off?

A

purple

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22
Q

positive result of Molisch’s test

A

purple ring at interphase

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23
Q

positive result of Iodine test

A

blue-black solution (starch-iodo complex)
red or pink solution (glycogen-iodo complex)

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24
Q

principle of Molisch’s test

A

Strong acid (H2SO4) to dehydrate monosaccharide to produce furfural of hydroxymethylfurfural

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25
Q

principle of iodine test

A

iodine slides into starch coil to give blue-black color

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26
Q

reagents of Molisch’s test

A

H2SO4, EtOH (ethanol), a-naphthol

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27
Q

reagent of iodine test

A

KI

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28
Q

detect reducing sugars

A

benedict’s test

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29
Q

similar to fehling’s test

A

benedict’s test

30
Q

distinguishes reducing monosaccharides and disaccharides

A

barfoed’s test

31
Q

distinguishes aldoses from ketoses (ketohexoses)

A

seliwanoff’s test

32
Q

specific test for pentoses

A

bial’s orcinol test

33
Q

specific for galactose and lactose

A

mucid acid test

34
Q

test for all sugars with free carbonyl group at C1/C2 (all aldoses and ketoses)

A

phenlyhydrazone / osazone test

35
Q

Positive result of Benedict’s test

A

brick red ppt for all reducing saccharides (all monosaccharides)

36
Q

Positive result of Barfoed’s test

A

brick red ppt for all reducing monosaccharides

37
Q

Positive result for Seliwanoff’s test

A

cherry-red solution for ketohexoses

38
Q

Positive result for Bial’s orcinol test

A

blue-green solution for aldopentoses

39
Q

Positive result for Mucid acid test

A

broken glass-like or Rhombic crystals

40
Q

Positive result of osazone test

A

yellow-orange cystals (osazones)

41
Q

Strong oxadizing agent in mucid acid test

A

HNO3

42
Q

characteristic: needle-like, feathery
time: 0.5 / 2 / 4-5 mins

A

Glucosazone
- Mannose, fructose, glucose

43
Q

characteristic: long, fine needle-like crystals
time: 7 mins

A

Xylosazone (Xylose)

44
Q

characteristic: broad/flat crystals
time: 15-19 mins

A

Galactosazone (galactose)

45
Q

characteristic: broad/needle-like crystals
time: soluble in hot water

A

Maltosazone (maltose)

46
Q

characteristic: fine needles, grouped in balls
time: soluble in hot water

A

Lactosazone (lactose)

47
Q

method based on the capacity of free reducing group of sugars and amount of carbohydrates present in a given sample

A

Nelson’s method

48
Q

product of Nelson’s A and Nelson’s B reagents

A

tartaric acid product

49
Q

converted into molybdeuym blue

A

ammonium molybdate reagent

50
Q

reagent in Nelson’s method added to dissolve Cu2O

A

ammonium molybdate reagent

51
Q

what is the meaning of G in Silica Gel G?

A

Gypsum

52
Q

visualizing agent in TLC of carbohydrates

A

p-anisaldehyde

53
Q

colors of spots produced by p-anisaldehyde

A

blue, blue-green, green colored spots

54
Q

excess source of glucose

A

glycogen

54
Q

hydrolyzable polymers of 2-6 (up to 9) monosaccharides

A

oligosaccharides

55
Q

composed of 2 monosaccharides

A

disaccharides

56
Q

hydrolyzable polymers of >6 monosaccharides (some greater than 9)

A

polysaccharides

57
Q

polymer of a single type of monosaccharide

A

homopolysaccharides

58
Q

polymer of at least 2 types of monosaccharides

A

heteropolysaccharides

59
Q

homo or hetero: glucosaminoglycans

A

hetero

60
Q

homo or hetero: glycogen

A

homo

61
Q

homo or hetero: cellulose

A

homo

62
Q

member of an enantiomeric pair that rotates clockwise (+)

A

dextrorotatory

63
Q

member of an enantiomeric pair that rotates counter-clockwise (-)

A

levorotatory

64
Q

6-membered ring

A

pyranose

65
Q

5-membered ring

A

furanose

66
Q

spontaneous conversion of one anomer to the other

A

mutarotation

67
Q

carbohydrate with a free or potentially free aldehyde or ketone group (not in a ring)

A

reducing sugars

68
Q

bond formed between the anomeric carbon of a carbohydrate and the hydroxyl oxygen atom of an alcohol or the nitrogen of an amine

A

glycosidic bonds

69
Q

“daytime”
the process of storing excess glucose for use by the body at a later time

A

glycogenesis

70
Q

“at night when sleeping”
occurs when the body, which prefers glucose as an energy source, needs energy

A

glycogenolysis