experiment 1-3

Question 1

unrefined medication

Answer 1

CRUDE DRUG

Question 2

whole plant and herbs

Answer 2

NATURAL SOURCES

Question 3

has not advanced in value or improved in condition

Answer 3

CRUDE

Question 4

undergone shredding, grinding,
chipping, extraction or treatment necessary to its proper packaging

Answer 4

ADVANCED NATURAL PRODUCTS

Question 5

indigenous, naturalized

Answer 5

GEOGRAPHIC SOURCE

Question 6

propagation
-improve the quality

Answer 6

CULTIVATION

Question 7

chemically altered in order to form the correct compound

Answer 7

SYNTHETIC DRUG

Question 8

general process which can remove biogenic/active principle that dissolves in a menstruum (solvent)

Answer 8

EXTRACTION

Question 9

undissolved portion of the drug that remains after extraction.

Answer 9

MARC

Question 10

liquid obtained after extraction usually a mixture of substances. (Biogenic principle)

Answer 10

EXTRACTIVE

Question 11

allow and support accurate identification of plants, algae, lichens and fungi

Answer 11

HERBARIUM SPECIMEN

Question 12

provide a permanent record for a species occurring at a particular time and place

Answer 12

HERBARIUM SPECIMEN

Question 13

form the basis of reliable distribution, habit and habitat information

Answer 13

HERBARIUM SPECIMEN

Question 14

document the introduction and spread of invasive plants over time

Answer 14

HERBARIUM SPECIMEN

Question 15

the reference point for the application of the scientific names

Answer 15

HERBARIUM SPECIMEN

Question 16

provide the basic biological material and information for taxonomists, ecologists and other researchers

Answer 16

HERBARIUM SPECIMEN

Question 17

serve as scientific vouchers for seed collections, toxicological cases, biochemical analyses and biodiscovery.

Answer 17

HERBARIUM SPECIMEN

Question 18

Some herbarium specimens are known as a ‘voucher specimens’

Answer 18

VOUCHER SPECIMEN

Question 19

It serves as a basis of scientific study. These are collected from taxa that are the subject of research or investigation, generally resulting in a publication in a scientific journal or report.

Answer 19

VOUCHER SPECIMEN

Question 20

If lodged in a recognized herbarium, they will endure in the collection for many years, and their identity can be checked and verified at any future time by linking it with the voucher reference in the publication.

Answer 20

VOUCHER SPECIMEN

Question 21

This means that research and survey data will remain useful many years after publication, even though names and classifications may change.

Answer 21

VOUCHER SPECIMEN

Question 22

The advent of genetic techniques in plant taxonomy has increased the need for well-annotated, correctly identified specimens to be stored as vouchers for published sequences, ensuring scientific accuracy and reducing the need to resample at a future time.

Answer 22

VOUCHER SPECIMEN

Question 23

Other voucher specimens serve as a reference for verifying the identity of photographs.

Answer 23

VOUCHER SPECIMEN

Question 24

Choose individuals that show the variation in leaf, flower and fruit size. It may be important to show morphological variation, involving the collection of individuals of different sizes or ages.

Answer 24

Select vigorous, typical specimens. Avoid insect-damaged plants.

Question 25

Keep one set for your reference, and send the duplicate numbered set to the Herbarium for identification or as a voucher if required.

Answer 25

Collect at least two sets of specimens (duplicates) and number each set.

Question 26

A good specimen includes stems, leaves, flowers and fruits.
◼ Basal parts of grasses, sedges, ferns and bulbous plants are essential for identification.
◼ Underground parts e.g. tubers, rhizomes are important for some plant groups.

Answer 26

◼ The plant material should be fertile i.e. in flower or fruit (both if possible), as these characteristics are often vital for identification.
◼ This might entail returning to the site when the plant is in flower/fruit. Spend time looking at a number of individuals, and choosing one with a number of flowers or more mature fruits.

Question 27

Specimen: 25–40 cm long and up to 26 cm wide Herbarium mounting sheet: 42 x 27 cm (size of a tabloid newspaper)

Answer 27

Plant parts that are too large for a single sheet may be cut into sections pressed on a series of sheets, for example a palm or cycad frond.

Question 28

Long and narrow specimens such as grasses and edges can be folded once, twice or even three times at the time of pressing. In this way a plant of up to 1.6 meters high may be pressed onto a single sheet.

Answer 28

For very small plants, a number of individuals may be placed on each sheet.

Question 29

When collecting from trees or large shrubs, distinctive or notable features should be recorded, e.g. branching habit, height and width of the plant and details of the bark.

Answer 29

FEATURES OF THE PLANT

Question 30

You may need to collect more than one specimen to show the range of variation that is present, for example mature and immature parts, juvenile and adult leaves, coppice shoots.

Answer 30

FEATURES OF THE PLANT

Question 31

If the plant is dioecious, with male and female flowers on different plants, collect a specimen from each sex and label the specimens A & B.

Answer 31

FEATURE OF THE PLANT

Question 32

DATA TO BE RECORDED IN THE FIELD

Answer 32

1. A preliminary descriptive locality.
2. GPS location
3. Habitat (site) data
4. Information about the individual plants collected at the site

Question 33

PREPARATION OF DRUGS FOR THE COMMERCIAL MARKET OUTLINE

Answer 33

◼ Cultivation and Collection
◼ Drying
◼ Garbling
◼ Packaging, Storage and Preservation

Question 34

RULES FOR COLLECTION

Answer 34

ROOTS AND RHIZOMES
• end of vegetation period, autumn

BARK
• spring, damp weather

LEAVES AND HERBS
• flowering stage

FLOWERS
• fully developed/ expanded

FRUITS & SEEDS
• fully ripe

Question 35

METHODS OF COLLECTION

Answer 35

◼ Medicinal plants must be largely collected by hand. This is specially true in the case of wild plants.
◼ With cultivation on a large scale, it may be possible to use modern agricultural harvesters, but in many cases, e.g. barks, manual collection is unavoidable. Thus, the cost of drug production is largely the cost of the labor involved.

Question 36

time consuming yet most practical when specificity is needed

Answer 36

MANUAL GATHERING

Question 37

not very specific yet less time needed

Answer 37

MACHINES

Question 38

◼ Removal of extraneous matter
◼ During collection and after drying
◼ Other plant parts, dirt & sand

Answer 38

GARBLING

Question 39

CRUDE DRUG EVALUATION

Answer 39

-Standardization and QC of Herbal Crude drugs
- Purpose
- Conformation of its identity
- Determination of its quality & purity
- Detection of nature of adulteration