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Cell Energetics Test Expectations > Expectations > Flashcards

Expectations Flashcards

0
Q

Define Chlorophyll

A

A pigment found in plant cells that absorbs blue and red light but reflects green light

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1
Q

Define Pigment

A

Molecules found in chloroplasts that are able to absorb photons (light energy)

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2
Q

Define accessory pigment

A

Pigment that aids in absorbing other colors of light

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3
Q

Define Mesophyll

A

Green tissue in the interior of the leaf

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4
Q

Define Photosystem

A

Cluster of many different pigment molecules located in the thylakoid membranes

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5
Q

Define Chemiosmosis

A

In oxidative phosphorylation when the hydrogen ions move back inside by the process of facilitated diffusion through ATP synthase

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6
Q

Define Photorespiration

A

Takes place when O2 builds up in the leaf as a result of stomata closing. Since there is more O2 than CO2 present, the O2 combines with rubisco rather than CO2 and the Calvin Cycle does not work so no sugar is produced.

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7
Q

Define Producers

A

Organisms that can make their own energy through biochemical processes

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8
Q

Define Oxidation

A

The loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom or ion.

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9
Q

Define Reduction

A

Electrons are gained by an electron carrier and since electrons have a negative charge, it is reduced

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10
Q

Define Aerobe

A

Organism that requires oxygen for respiration

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11
Q

Define Anaerobe

A

An organism, such as a bacterium, that can live in the absence of free oxygen.

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12
Q

Define Strict Anaerobe

A

Organisms that cannot survive in an atmosphere of oxygen

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13
Q

Define Facultative Anaerobe

A

an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent.

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14
Q

Define phosphorylation

A

the addition of a phosphate to a molecule

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15
Q

Define photophosphorylation

A

Refers to the use of light energy from photosynthesis to ultimately provide the energy to convert ADP to ATP

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16
Q

Define substrate level phosphorylation

A

The formation of ATP occurring when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic molecule to ADP

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17
Q

Define oxidative phosphorylation

A

The productionof ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain

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18
Q

What is the ultimate source of energy for life on earth?

A

The sun

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19
Q

What is the role of light in photosynthesis?

A

Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and goes into the light reactions which is in the thylakoids of a chloroplast. The energy is converted to ATP and NADPH that are then used in the Calvin Cycle.

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20
Q

Why are plants green?

A

Because chlorophyll reflects green light causing the plant to look green

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21
Q

What are the role of producers on this planet?

A

Producers use photosynthesis to produce their food source, glucose. Producers are a food source to primary consumers.

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22
Q

Compare oxidation and reduction.

A

OIL RIG

Oxidation is lost, reduction is gained

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23
Q

Explain the structure of and role of the thylakoid membrane in photosynthesis.

A

Thylakoid membranes are stacked membranes that contain pigments and are the site of light-dependent reactions.

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24
Q

Explain the structure of and role of stroma in photosynthesis.

A

The stroma is the area inside the double membrane of the chloroplast but outside of the thylakoid. It is the site of the Calvin Cycle.

25
Q

Explain the cristae, intermembrane space, and matrix in oxidative phosphorylation.

A

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs as electrons are transferred between the proteins of the Electron Transport Chain in a mitochondria’s cristae. As an electron is passed between proteins each one acts to pump H+ out across the membrane into the matrix.

26
Q

What are the jobs of the mesophyll, vascular tissue and stomata?

A

The mesophyll layers are the location of chloroplasts. Vascular tissue brings in H2O. CO2 enters via the stomata.

27
Q

Where are the light dependent reactions located?

A

Inside the thylakoid membranes

28
Q

What are the reactants and products of the light dependent reactions?

A

The reactants are light energy, H2O, ADP, and NADPH+. The products are ATP, and NADPH. O2 is also produced as a waste product.

29
Q

Describe the noncyclic pathway for the light dependent reactions.
EXTENDED RESPONSE

A
  • electrons leave the reaction center of 2 different photosystems and do not return.
    1. Each photosystem absorbs light.
    2. The energy absorbed travels through the photosystem until it reaches the reaction center which donates electrons to the primary electron acceptor.
    3a. The oxygen is released as a waste product.
    3b. Hydrogen is used to make NADPH.
    4. The electrons that left photosystem 2 travels down an electron transport chain and they replace the electrons that left photosystem 1.
    5. As the electrons move down the electron transport chain they cause the production of ATP.
    6. The electrons from photosystem 1 moved down a different electron transport chain and caused NADP+ and hydrogen (from water) to combine to make NADPH.
30
Q

What are the roles of ATP and NADPH in photosynthesis?

A

They are both made in the light reactions and transferred into the Calvin Cycle where ATP drops off a phosphate and NADPH drops of a hydrogen ion.

31
Q

Why and how does the cyclic pathway for light dependent reactions occur?

A

It occurs because the Calvin Cycle uses more ATP than NADPH. It produces only ATP, no NADPH. It only uses the second photosystem and the electron that leaves returns here.

32
Q

Where is the Calvin Cycle located?

A

In the stroma of chloroplasts.

33
Q

What are the reactants and products of the Calvin Cycle?

A

The reactants are CO2, ATP, and NADPH. The product is sugar (glucose).

34
Q

Why does C4 and CAM photosynthesis happen?

A

Special plants that have adaptations that prevent photorespiration. Each types make a 4 carbon intermediate that protects carbon preventing waste.

  • C4 plants do this by changing location and using bundle sheath cells (spatial difference)
  • CAM plants to this temporally by only opening stomata and fixing carbon at night (temporal difference)
35
Q

List the 4 stages of aerobic cell respiration in order.

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Link Reaction (Acetyl CoA Formation)
  3. The Citrid Acid (Krebs) Cycle
  4. Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC and Chemiosmosis)
36
Q

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of all cells.

37
Q

Where in the cell does the link reactions occur?

A

Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

38
Q

Where in the cell does the Citric Acid Cycle occur?

A

Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

39
Q

Where in the cell does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

Occurs in the cristae (inner membrane)

40
Q

How much ATP is produced in glycolysis?

A

4 in total but 2 net ATP

41
Q

How much ATP is produced in the link reactions?

A

0 ATP

42
Q

How much ATP is produced in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

2 ATP

43
Q

How much ATP is produced in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

34

44
Q

What are the reactants of glycolysis?

A

1 glucose molecule+2 ATP

45
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate
2 net ATP
2 NADH

46
Q

What are the reactants of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

2 Acetyl CoA

47
Q

What are the products of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

4 carbon dioxide
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP

48
Q

What are the reactants of oxidative phosphorylation?

A 
NADH
FADH2
O2
ADP
P
49
Q

What are the products of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

34 ATP
H2O
NAD+
FAD

50
Q

What are the 2 types of phosphorylation that produce ATP during cell respiration?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

51
Q

How much ATP is produced in substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

4

52
Q

What is the final electronic acceptor in cell respiration?

A

Oxygen

53
Q

Explain the complete oxidation of glucose beginning with glycolysis.

A

The six carbon molecules of glucose get broken down into two pyruvate during glycolysis. During the link reaction, the two pyruvate become two Acetyl CoA’s. During the Citric Acid Cycle, the two Acetyl CoA’s are broken down into ATP, NADH, and FADH2. The NADH and FADH2 the go onto creating even more ATP during oxidative phosphorylation.

54
Q

What are the commercial uses for fermentation?

A

Answers Will Vary (One Example: Baking Bread)

55
Q

Compare alcohol and lactic fermentation.

A

Alcohol Fermentation is carried out by yeast and fungi, while Lactic-acid Fermentation is carried out by human and other animal muscle cells. In alcohol fermentation, the two pyruvate produced by glycolysis are oxidized into two ethanol. CO2 is produced during this process. In lactic-acid fermentation, the two pyruvate produced by glycolysis are converted into two lactic acids.

56
Q

Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

A

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen, makes between 32 and 36 ATP per molecule of glucose, occurs in four stages (glycolysis, link reaction, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation), and takes place in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen, makes 2 ATP per molecule of glucose, occurs in one stages (glycolysis), and takes place only in the cytoplasm.

57
Q

Explain oxidative Phosphorylation for relation in the mitochondrion.

A

NADH is oxidized to make NAD+ and reduces the first protein of the electron transport chain. NAD+ then returns to its previous reaction. The electrons move through the proteins of the electron transport chain, pumping 3H+ as it goes. The final protein is oxidized and O2 is reduced because it is the final electron acceptor. Together with 2H+ forms water that is released as waste. The H+ are now concentrated in the intermembrane space. They then return one at a time through ATP synthase. Each time one returns, ADP is joined with a Pi to make ATP.

58
Q

Compare the 3 types of phosphorylation.

A

Photophosphorylation is the productions of ATP by chemiosmosis during the light reactions of photosynthesis. Substrate level phosphorylation is the formation of ATP occurring when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic molecule to ADP. Oxidative Phosphorylation is the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.

59
Q

What are the roles of NADH and FADH2 in cell respiration?

A

NADH and FADH2 are the two electron carriers in cellular respiration. NADH/NAD+ are responsible for 3 ATP. FADH2/FAD++ are responsible for 2 ATP.

60
Q

Why is glycolysis considered to be the most ancient metabolic process?

A

Glycolysis is considered an ancient process because prokaryotic cells (organic molecules) were the first to undergo this process. It is an inherited process from our ancestor cells. It can be used with no oxygen, or oxygen. Before, when the atmosphere did not have any oxygen, this was the only way to go through the metabolic process.

61
Q

How do heterotrophs rely on autotrophs?

A

Autotrophs make their own food. Heterotrophs eat other organisms to survive. If autotrophs did not exist, heterotrophs would not exist because then, the heterotrophs would have to eat other heterotrophs, but those heterotrophs would not be living because they wouldn’t be able to get energy.

Cell Energetics Test Expectations (1 decks)

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