Exp on Cam 10 Flashcards
beleaguer (v.)
- Cause problems for sb
Africa is already beleaguered by infectious diseases. - surround sb in order to attack them
stave off sb/sth (v)
To prevent sth, prevent sb from doing sth… until a later time
- In a effort to stave off those maladies
- The Federal Reserve lowered the interest rate to stimulate the economy and stave off recession.
malady (n.) - maladies
- a disease
- a problem within an organization or a system
Apathy is one of the maladies of modern society
turn sb’s sight on sth
Turn to focus on sth
- In an effort to stave off those maladies, advocates have turned their sights on tobacco use.
stance (n.)
take a stance against/ towards/ on sth
opinions about sth, especially when expressed officially or publicly
- The government took a tough stance against terrorism
- The government takes a firm stance on public smoking.
ill effects
bad effects
- Not just the smokers who suffer from the ill effects of their habits, but also second-smokers who are exposed to the smoke of cigarettes.
regulatory (adj.)
controlling
The findings have not widely been put into regulatory actions.
induce (v.)
- persuade
- They induced her to take the job. - cause sth to happen
- Pills for sickness often induce drowsiness
take a/its toll on sb/sth
have a serious/bad effect on sb/sth
- Too much sunlight can take a toll on your skin.
- If you keep smoking, the disease will eventually take its toll.
plausibility (n.)
the quality of being reasonable or probable
- From a biological plausibility standpoint, there is no…
hazardous (adj.)
dangerous, risk
- a hazardous industry/ journey/ material/ substance
formidable (adj)
causing you to fear, respect sb/sth because that sb/sth is large, powerful, or difficult
- There were formidable difficulties to reaching an early settlement of the dispute.
- She is a formidable figure who demands a great deal of respect.
strident (adj)
- a strident sound is loud, sudden, and rough
- People are put off by his strident voice. - expressed in forceful language that doesn’t try to avoid upsetting other people
- a strident newspaper article
- strident criticism
- their tactics could be strident
mandate (v.)
to give official permission for sth to happen
- The UN rush to mandate war totally ruled out any alternatives.
prevalent (adj)
very common, happen ofter
- Smoking is not as prevalent among women.
bank on sb/sth
expect sth, depend on sb/sth happening
- Can I bank on your support?
- I wouldn’t bank on him being here on time.
- I wouldn’t bank on it.
sheer (adj) (v.)
- (adj.) complete, no other than
- The suggestion is sheer nonsense.
- It was sheer suggestion that we met. - (adj) extremely steep, almost vertical
- A sheer mountain side - (adj) (of size of weight) very large
The sheer number of young people also presents both promise and potential troubles. - (v.) change direction suddenly
- one sheered off at the last second.
reservoir (n.)
a large supply of sth
- The universities constitute a reservoir of expert knowledge.
propagate (v.)
- grow new plant by using a parent plant
- Plants need certain conditions to propagate. - spread opinions, lies, or beliefs among lots of people
- Such lies are propagated in the media.
exponential (adj)
- exponentially (adv)
(adj) an exponential increases quicker and quicker as the thing that increases becomes larger
- There has been an exponential increase in the world population this century.
(adv) Our business is growing exponentially.
to be on the rise
- increasing in amount, number, level, etc.
Prices are on the rise again.
The water level in the lake is on the rise.
2: becoming more successful, popular, etc.
an actress whose career is on the rise
outlaw (v), (n.)
UK /ˈaʊt.lɔː/ US /ˈaʊt.lɑː/
to make something illegal or unacceptable:
The new law will outlaw smoking in public places.
noun [ C ]
US /ˈɑʊtˌlɔ/
a criminal, esp. one who is trying to avoid being caught
ordinance
noun [ C ] formal
UK /ˈɔː.dɪ.nəns/ US /ˈɔːr.dən.əns/
a law or rule made by a government or authority:
City Ordinance 126 forbids the parking of cars in this area.
Lệnh, điều lệ
hazard
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈhæz.əd/ US /ˈhæz.ɚd/
C1
something that is dangerous and likely to cause damage:
a health/fire hazard
The busy traffic entrance was a hazard to pedestrians.
verb [ T ]
UK /ˈhæz.əd/ US /ˈhæz.ɚd/
to risk doing something, especially making a guess, suggestion, etc.:
I wouldn’t like to hazard a guess.
She wouldn’t hazard a guess about the meaning of the word.
malignancy (n.)
noun [ C/U ] medical
US /məˈlɪɡ·nən·si/
tissue that is growing because of a disease process and that is likely to cause death:
[ U ] If this type of malignancy is discovered early enough, the outlook is pretty good.
[ C ] a slow-growing malignancy
insurmountable (adj)
insurmountable
adjective formal
UK /ˌɪn.səˈmaʊn.tə.bəl/ US /ˌɪn.sɚˈmaʊn.t̬ə.bəl/
(especially of a problem or a difficulty) so great that it cannot be dealt with successfully:
insurmountable difficulties
insurmountable challenges
This small country is faced with an insurmountable debt.
grassgroots
noun [ plural ] (also grass roots)
UK /ˈɡrɑːs.ruːts/ US /ˈɡræs.ruːts/
the grassroots
the ordinary people in a society or an organization, especially a political party:
The feeling among the grassroots of the Party is that the leaders are not radical enough.
noun
ordinary people in a society or organization, rather than the leaders:
The party’s leaders are in danger of losing touch with its grassroots.
Organizational change needs to come from the grassroots.
adjective [ before noun ]
involving the ordinary people in a society or an organization:
The initiative has grassroots support.
It will take a combination of grassroots efforts, education and global awareness.
a grassroots movement/campaign
traction (n)
noun [ U ]
UK /ˈtræk.ʃən/ US /ˈtræk.ʃən/
traction noun [U] (WHEEL/TYRE)
the ability of a wheel or tyre to hold the ground without sliding:
In deep snow, people should use snow tyres on their vehicles to give them better traction.
I reduce the air pressure in all four tires during winter for better traction on slick, icy roads.
traction noun [U] (ACCEPTANCE)
the fact of an idea, product, etc. becoming popular or being accepted:
In our digital age, it takes less time for new words and phrases to gain traction than it did in the past.
to gain traction = to be accepted and popular
camouflage (n) (v)
noun [ U ]
US /ˈkæm·əˌflɑʒ, -ˌflɑdʒ/
a condition in which the appearance of someone or something when placed against a background makes the person or thing difficult or impossible to see:
a camouflage jacket
[ S or U ] The lizard’s light brown skin acts as (a) camouflage in the desert sand.
[ S or U ]
something that is meant to hide something, or behaviour that is intended to hide the truth:
Using smoke as (a) camouflage, the army advanced up the hill.
He believed that her kindness was merely a camouflage for her real intentions.
verb [ T ]
to hide something, or to hide the truth about something:
He camouflaged the payments by listing them as “building materials”.
Some industries’ losses are camouflaged by gains in other industries.
(of an animal or plant) to have a colour or shape that makes it appear to mix with its natural environment so that it cannot be seen or attacked:
Often albino animals don’t live long since they are unable to camouflage themselves.
Textbooks use pictures of peppered moths camouflaged on tree trunks as evidence for natural selection.
laureate (n)
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈlɒr.i.ət/ US /ˈlɔːr.i.ət/
a person who has been given a very high honour because of their ability in a subject of study:
a Nobel laureate
retain (v)
verb [ T ]
UK /rɪˈteɪn/ US /rɪˈteɪn/
C2 formal
to keep or continue to have something:
She has lost her battle to retain control of the company.
He managed to retain his dignity throughout the performance.
She succeeded in retaining her lead in the second half of the race.
I have a good memory and am able to retain (= remember) facts easily
formal
If a substance retains something, such as heat or water, it continues to hold or contain it:
The sea retains the sun’s warmth longer than the land.
TIẾNG ANH THƯƠNG MẠI
to keep or continue to have something, especially a position or money, or control of something:
- Salespeople have developed novel ways to use the Web to reach or retain customers.
- You retain the right to take legal action if you do not accept his decision.
- retain control/ownership/possession The group will retain control of the business.
- retain a stake/an interest The family retains a minority stake in the company.
- retain your job/post Atkinson retained his post in the enlarged banking group.
promiscuous (adj)
adjective disapproving
US /prəˈmɪs·kju·əs/
(of a person) having a lot of different sexual partners
I suppose I was quite promiscuous in my youth.
It’s a fallacy that gay men are more promiscuous than heterosexuals.
foil (v) (n)
[ U ]
a very thin sheet of metal, especially used to wrap food in to keep it fresh: tin foil
foil noun (COMPARISON) [ C ] something or someone that makes another's good or bad qualities more noticeable: The older, cynical character in the play is the perfect foil for the innocent William.
verb [ T ]
to prevent someone or something from being successful:
The prisoners’ attempt to escape was foiled at the last minute when police received a tip-off.
tactic (n)
noun
UK /ˈtæk.tɪk/ US /ˈtæk.tɪk/
C1 [ C usually plural ]
a planned way of doing something, achieving a particular result:
These bomb attacks represent a change of tactics by the terrorists.
I think we’ll have to change our marketing tactics.
The tactics used by the salesman made her uncomfortable.
The complaints are no more than a delaying tactic.
a specific action intended to get a particular result:
Oliver’s clumsy tactics doomed the plan from the start.
chaperone (n)
noun [ C ] (also chaperon)
UK /ˈʃæp.ə.rəʊn/ US /ˈʃæp.ɚ.oʊn/
an older person who is present at a social event for young people to encourage correct behaviour:
Several parents acted as chaperones for the school dance.
Her mother and sister acted as chaperones during filming.
verb [ T ]
to be present as an adult at a social event for young people to encourage correct behaviour:
Several parents volunteered to chaperone class field trips.
oscillation (n)
noun [ C or U ]
UK /ˌɒs.ɪˈleɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌɑː.səlˈeɪ.ʃən/
oscillation noun [C or U]
repeated movement from one position to another:
The oscillations of the needle were so slight they were hard to detect.
formal
repeated change from one feeling or opinion to another:
His mood never settled; there was a continuous oscillation between two extremes.
notwithstanding (prep, adv)
preposition, adverb formal
UK /ˌnɒt.wɪðˈstæn.dɪŋ/ US /ˌnɑːt.wɪðˈstæn.dɪŋ/
C1
despite the fact or thing mentioned:
Notwithstanding some members’ objections, I think we must go ahead with the plan.
Injuries notwithstanding, the team won the semifinal.
persist (v)
verb [ I ]
UK /pəˈsɪst/ US /pɚˈsɪst/
C2
If an unpleasant feeling or situation persists, it continues to exist:
If the pain persists, consult a doctor.
The cold weather is set to persist throughout the week.
to try to do or continue doing something in a determined but often unreasonable way:
If he persists in asking awkward questions, then send him to the boss.
The government is persisting with its ambitious public works programme.
livestock (n)
noun [ plural ]
UK /ˈlaɪv.stɒk/ US /ˈlaɪv.stɑːk/
animals and birds that are kept on a farm, such as cows, sheep, or chickens
livestock farmers/industry/market The organic livestock industry has grown substantially in the last few years.
- to raise livestock
arable (adj)
adjective
UK /ˈær.ə.bəl/ US /ˈer.ə.bəl/
(of land) used for or right for growing crops:
arable farming/farmers/farms/land
The country is rich in arable land.
irrigation (n)
noun [ U ]
UK /ˌɪr.ɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌɪr.əˈɡeɪ.ʃən/
the practice of supplying land with water so that crops and plants will grow:
an irrigation system
Dirty irrigation water can spread animal pathogens to fruits and vegetables.
render (v)
verb [ T ]
UK /ˈren.dər/ US /ˈren.dɚ/
render verb [T] (CAUSE)
C2 formal
to cause someone or something to be in a particular state:
[ + adj ] His rudeness rendered me speechless.
New technology has rendered my old computer obsolete.
formal
to change words into a different language or form:
She is rendering the book into English from French.
render verb [T] (GIVE)
C1 formal
to give something such as a service, a personal opinion or expression, or a performance of a song or poem, etc. to people:
The singers rendered the song with enthusiasm.
We see that freight railroads make good profits while rendering excellent service.
agronomist (n)
noun [ C ]
UK /əˈɡrɒnəmɪst/ US
a scientist who works in agronomy (= the science of farming):
Agronomists were working on new ways to create healthier food while managing the environmental impact of agriculture.
consortium (n)
noun [ C ]
UK /kənˈsɔː.ti.əm/ US /kənˈsɔːr.t̬i.əm/
plural consortiums or consortia UK /kənˈsɔː.ti.ə/ US /kənˈsɔːr.t̬i.ə/
an organization of several businesses or banks joining together as a group for a shared purpose:
a consortium of textile manufacturers
The 11-member consortium, led by BP, sought funding from public bodies such as the World Bank.
The Severn Tidal Power Group is a consortium of big construction and electrical companies.
form a consortium Any move to form a consortium of all the UK’s naval shipyard facilities would put jobs at risk.
wipe out
— phrasal verb
UK /waɪp/ US /waɪp/
US informal
to lose control, especially in a vehicle, and have an accident:
I was going too fast and I wiped out on the bend.
estuary (n)
noun [ C ] UK /ˈes.tʃu.ə.ri/ US /ˈes.tu.er.i/ the part of a river or other area of water where it joins the sea, and where fresh water and salt water are mixed the Thames estuary the Rance estuary
barren (adj)
adjective
UK /ˈbær.ən/
unable to produce plants or fruit:
We drove through a barren, rocky landscape.
formal
unable to have children or young animals
not creating or producing anything new:
She became very depressed during the barren years when she was unable to paint.
parasitic (adj)
adjective
UK /ˌpær.əˈsɪt.ɪk/ US /ˌper.əˈsɪt̬.ɪk/
(also parasitical)
caused by or relating to a parasite:
a parasitic disease
parasitic insects
facilitate (v)
verb [ T ] formal
UK /fəˈsɪl.ɪ.teɪt/ US /fəˈsɪl.ə.teɪt/
C1
to make something possible or easier:
The new ramp will facilitate the entry of wheelchairs.
The current structure does not facilitate efficient work flow.
To facilitate learning, each class is no larger than 30 students.
afflict (v)
verb [ T ]
UK /əˈflɪkt/ US /əˈflɪkt/
If a problem or illness afflicts a person or thing, they suffer from it:
It is an illness that afflicts women more than men.
a country afflicted by civil war
He was afflicted with severe asthma.
do away with sth
— phrasal verb
to get rid of or destroy something, stop doing sth:
The governor is proposing to do away with the state transportation department.
These ridiculous rules and regulations should have been done away with years ago.
Computerization has enabled us to do away with a lot of paperwork.
How could they do away with a beautiful old building like that and put a car park there instead?
radical (adj)
UK /ˈræd.ɪ.kəl/ US /ˈræd.ɪ.kəl/ radical adjective (VERY IMPORTANT)
C1
relating to the most important parts of something or someone; complete or extreme:
We need to make some radical changes to our operating procedures.
I’m just having my hair trimmed - nothing radical.
C2
believing or expressing the belief that there should be great or extreme social or political change:
He was known as a radical reformer/thinker/politician.
These people have very radical views.
erect (v, adj)
verb [ T ] formal
UK /ɪˈrekt/ US /ɪˈrekt/
erect verb [T] (BUILD)
to build a building, wall, or other structure:
The war memorial was erected in 1950.
The soldiers had erected barricades to protect themselves.
(put up) They’re erecting a big circus tent.
adjective
UK /ɪˈrekt/ US /ɪˈrekt/
standing with your back and neck very straight:
He’s very tall and erect for his 78 years.
outrageous (adj)
UK /ˌaʊtˈreɪ.dʒəs/ US /ˌaʊtˈreɪ.dʒəs/
B2
shocking and morally unacceptable:
The judge criticized the “outrageous greed” of some of the bankers.
[ + that ] It is outrageous that these buildings remain empty while thousands of people have no homes.
These prices are just outrageous (= much too high).
used to describe something or someone that is shocking because they are unusual or strange:
outrageous clothes/behaviour
an outrageous character
unacceptable, offensive, violent, or unusual:
He made outrageous claims.
intact (adj)
adj
UK /ɪnˈtækt/ US /ɪnˈtækt/
C2
complete and in the original state:
The church was destroyed in the bombing but the altar survived intact.
C2
not damaged:
It’s difficult to emerge from such a scandal with your reputation still intact.
prairie (n)
noun [ C or U ]
UK /ˈpreə.ri/ US /ˈprer.i/
a wide area of flat land without trees in Canada and the northern US
đồng cỏ bắc mỹỹ
credo (n)
noun [ C ] formal
UK /ˈkreɪ.dəʊ/ US /ˈkriː.doʊ/
plural credos
a set of beliefs that influences the way you live, a statement of basic belief:
His credo is “Less is more.”
This credo amounts to the central thesis of the book.
