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PCOG Lab > Exp 5 > Flashcards

Exp 5 Flashcards

1
Q

“sugar ethers”; a compound that yield 1 or more sugar and a non-sugar component among the products of hydrolysis

A

Glycosides

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2
Q

functions of glycosides

A
  1. regulatory, productive, & sanitary compounds
  2. cardiac glycosides, laxatives, local irritants, analgesics, etc
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3
Q

two components of glycosides

A

• glycone
• aglycone (genins)

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4
Q

what are the components of glycone?

A

• sugar component
• common denominator
• inactive

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5
Q

what are the components of aglycone?

A

• non-sugar component
• basis of classification
• active

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6
Q

if it’s glucose, it’s called?

A

glucoside

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7
Q

if it’s fructose, it’s called?

A

fructoside

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8
Q

if it’s galactose, it’s called?

A

galactoside

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9
Q

if it’s glucoronic acid, it’s called?

A

glucoronide

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10
Q

four classifications based on glycosidic bond

A

C, O, N, S

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11
Q

classification based on aglycone portion

A

alcohol, aldehyde, anthraquinone, chromone, coumarin, cyanogenic, flavonoid, iridoid, isothiocyanate, phenol, saponin, steroidal, & steviol

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12
Q

the aglycone portion is an alcohol derivative

A

alcohol glycosides

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13
Q

source of alcohol glycosides

A

willow bark (salix purpurea, s. fragilis)

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14
Q

the aglycone portion is an aldehyde derivative

A

aldehyde glycosides

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15
Q

source of aldehyde glycosides

A

vanilla (vanilla planifolia, v. tahitensis)

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16
Q

• largest group of naturally occuring quinone pigments
• dyes, cathartics, stimulant laxative (habit-forming

A

anthraquine glycosides

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17
Q

• derivatives are often orange-red compounds that are soluble in hot water and in dilute alcohol
• gives a characteristic red, violet, green, or purple color with a base

A

anthraquinone glycosides

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18
Q

tests for anthraquinone

A

bontrager’s test & modified bontrager’s test

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19
Q

result of bontrager’s test

A

red coloration in the lower ammoniacal layer

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20
Q

result of modified bontrager’s test

A

pink color

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21
Q

sources of anthraquinone

A

• cascara sagrada
• frangula
• aloe vera
• rhubarb
• indian rhubarb
• senna
• chrysarobin

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22
Q

the aglycone portion are derivative of benzo-δ-pyrone nucleus

A

chromone glycosides

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23
Q

sources of chromone glycosides

A

• hypericum erectum
• japanese eurya (eurya japonica)
• cassia multijuga

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24
Q

the aglycone portion are derivative of benzo-α-pyrone nucleus

A

coumarin glycosides

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25
Q

sources of coumarin glycosides

A

• tonka bean (dipteryx odorata)
• meadowsweet (filipendula ulmaria)
• sweet clover (melilotus officinalis)
• vanilla grass (anthoxanthum odoratum)

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26
Q

• yields hydrocyanic acid upon hydrolysis
• often found in legumes, root crops, and grasses
• usually in plants together with hydrolytic enzymes

A

cyanogenic glycosides

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27
Q

most cyanogenic glycosides are lost after plant harvest due to what?

A

spontaneous hydrolysis

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28
Q

laetrile, thought to have anti-tumor properties

A

amygdalin

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29
Q

test for cyanogenic glycosides

A

guignard’s test

30
Q

appearance of various shades of red within 15 mins when the tube is warmed (yellow to brick red)

A

guignard’s test

31
Q

sources of cyanogenic glycosides

A

wild cherry (prunus serotina)
apricot (prunus armeniaca)
almond (prunus amygdalus)
cassava (manihot esculenta)

32
Q

• phenolic plant pigments containing a benzo-y-pyrone nucleus
• anthocyanins, leucoanthocyanins, catechins, aurones, calchones
• anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic

A

flavonoid glycosides

33
Q

anthocyanins on hydrolysis yield sugars and colored aglycones

A

anthocyanidins

34
Q

the aglycone of leucoanthocyanins

A

leucoanthocyanidin

35
Q

test for flavonoid

A

bate-smith & metcalf test, wilstatter “cyanidin” test

36
Q

result of bate-smith & metcalf test

A

strong red or violet color

37
Q

result wilstatter “cyanidin” test

A

colors range from orange to red, to crimson and magenta, and occassionaly to green or blue

38
Q

examples of flavonoid glycosides

A

• hesperidin
• naringin
• rutin
• quercitin

39
Q

the aglycone portion is an iridoid, usually bound to the glycone portion glucose

A

iridoid glycosides

40
Q

sources of iridoid glycosides

A

• asterids (aucuba japonica, eucommia ulmoides) - aucubin

• catalpa (catalpa bignonioides, c. speciosa) - catalpol

41
Q

• derived from the hydrolysis of glucosinolates
• anti-cancer

A

isothiocyanate glycosides

42
Q

sulphur-containing compounds found in cruciferous plants

A

glucosinolates

43
Q

sources of isothiocyanate glycosides

A

• black mustard (brassica nigra)
• white mustard (brassica alba)

44
Q

the aglycone portion is a phenol group

A

phenol glycosides

45
Q

source of phenol glycosides

A

bearberry (arctostaphylos uva-ursi)

46
Q

• cardiac glycoside
• prominent effect on the heart muscle

A

steroidal glycosides

47
Q

cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus

A

steroidal nucleus

48
Q

cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene

A

steroidal skeleton

49
Q

more common, has optimum activity, C-23, 5-membered lactone ring

A

cardenolide

50
Q

less common, less activity, C-24, 6-membered lactone ring

A

bufadienolide

51
Q

test for steroidal

A

• keller-killiani test
• liebermann-burchard test
• kedde’s test

52
Q

test for 2-deoxysugars; reddish-brown which may turn blue or purple

A

keller-killiani test

53
Q

test for unsaturated steroids and triterpenes; colors range from blue to green, red, pink, purple, or violet

A

liebermann-burchard test

54
Q

test for unsaturated lactones; blue-violet color

A

kedde’s test

55
Q

sources of steroidal

A

foxglove, grecian foxglove, convallaria, pheasant’s eye, black hellebore, dogbane, adelfa, strophantus, ouabain, squill, red squill

56
Q

• the aglycone portion is a steviol
• natural sweeteners, as sub for sugar (40-300 times sweeter than sucrose)

A

steviol glycosides

57
Q

source of steviol

A

stevia (stevia rebaudiana)

58
Q

harmless when taken orally

A

saponins

59
Q

two types of saponins

A

• steroidal (monocot families; dioscoreaceae)
• triterpenoidal (dicot; agavaceae)

60
Q

steroidal/triterpenoid glycosides characterized by their ability to froth when agitated

A

saponin used as detergent

61
Q

exert a powerful hemolytic action on RBCs and are highly toxic when injected into the bloodstream

A

saponin used as fish poison

62
Q

contains sapotoxin which is a poisonous saponin

A

saponin with interesting spermicidal & molluscicidal activity

63
Q

used to produce acid saponin if present are precipitated as lead salts

A

neutral lead acetate

64
Q

used to precipitate neutral saponin

A

basic lead acetate

65
Q

used to decompose lead precipitate

A

hydrogen sulfide

66
Q

properties of saponin glycoside

A

• amorphous; soluble (H2O & alc)
• persistent froth
• hemolysis of RBC’s
• bitter, acrid taste

67
Q

test for saponins

A

• froth test
• agar cup hemolytic test
• fehling’s test
• baryta water test
• lead acetate test

68
Q

extract used for saponins physical test

A

gugo extract

69
Q

color, odor, and taste of gugo extract

A

• golden yellow to orange
• odorless
• slightly bitter, acrid

70
Q

sources of saponins

A

• licorice (glycyrrhiza glabra)
• yam (dioscorea floribuna, d. alata)
• ginseng (panax ginseng, p. quinquefolius)
• gugo (entada phaseoloides)

71
Q

philippine sources

A

adelfa, akapulko, campanero, campanilla, gugo, kalumbibit, lukban, maguey, pistula, sabila

72
Q

official usp 24/nf 19 drugs

A

7 usp 24
4 nf 19

PCOG Lab (2 decks)

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