Exotics Systems Flashcards
Rabbit digestive system
Mouth – cheeks, teeth, upper and lower M
Stomach- cardiac & pyloric sphincter
Sml Ints- duodenum, jejunem, iliem > sacculus r
caecum – bacteria & haustraue
Coprophagia
Rabbit Respiratory System
nose breathers
nostrils take in air & warm. Cilia.
Larynx & trachea (c shaped)
air enters lung via bronchi > bronchioles > alveolar ducts & alveoli where gas exchanged
Avian Digestive System
Beak- keratin, varies
Oesophagus- diverticulum = crop. Pigeon milk
stomach- 2 parts = proventriculus (glandular) ventriculus (musculuar)
sml intest- small + duodenal loop
lrg intest- 2 large caeca= bacterial digestion.
Cloaca- uro/dig/rep tracts to one. 3 parts (coprodeum, urodeum, proctodeum)
Avian Respiratory System
Air enter via the external nares. It passes through the nasal cavity and then into the oral cavity via the internal nares, these are known as choanae. These are two slits in the moiuth which link the nasal passages to the oral cavity.
The trachea carries air from the larynx to the bronchi. There is an enlarged area of trachea which is called the syrinx (voice box). The trachea has complete ‘o’ shaped rings unlike in the rabbit.
Bronchi – The trachea divides into two bronchi at the level of the sternum. A main bronchus carries air into each lung. The bronchi then lose their cartilage and become mesobronchi.
Lungs- relitavely small. Attached to the thoracic vertebrae and ribs. They are bright red, very vascular and inelastic. The bird has no diaphragm to assist in breathing. A bird has a total of 9 air sacs, these are thin walled transparent structures.
the bird has 2 inhilations and 2 expirations. The sternum moves downwards during inhilations allowing the coelomic cavity to expand. It flows to the caudal air sacs where it is warmed. Then goes to the lungs where gas exchange occurs. It then goes into the anterior sacs & then trachea where it is then expelled. Old and new air don’t mix which means that the air reaching the lungs has maximum oxygen content.
Respiratory rate depends on species, work, temperature, stress etc.
Lizard Digestive
Large fleshy mobile tongues – adaptations to suit feeding
stomach simple
small intestine better developed in carnivorous species
herbivores larger large intestine. May be sacculated. Leaf like chambers.
LI empties into cloaca = urodeum & proctodeum
Snake digestive
Tongue forked.
organs are elongated.
oesophagus highly distensible (large prey) glottis can be projected
Consists of oesophagus, simple tubular stomach, simple coiled small intestine & straight large intest.
oesophagus and stomach not always differentiated
stomach pepsin and hydrochloric acid
Short intestines & cloaca
PBT 25-30, if too cold, slows digestion + food can rot
Tortoise Digestive
Horny beak sharp edges, herbivores have a hard chewing ridge
most herbivores. Have fleshy immobile tongues
large intestine site of microbial digestion.
Slow, can take 2-4 weeks to pass in the digestive system
Lizard respiratory
Cartilage in trachea is incomplete Lungs sac like structures advanced species more like mammalian lungs Overinflate lungs to look bigger No diaphragm one body cavity known as coelom
Snake Respiratory
External nostrils and small nasal cavity which opens into the roof of the mouth
has no hard palate, when mouth is closed, internal nares are placed over trachea(c shaped)
larynx fuses with first few tracheal rings- forms a glottal tube
Can project the glottis to allow breathing when feeding
breathing through moving ribs or muscles
one major lung- right (if left present=vestigial)
Proximal lung = gas exchange, distal = air resevoir
sometimes extends to cloaca
may have a tracheal lung
Tortoise Respiratory
Have a hard palate
entrance of trachea guarded by the glottis
two large lungs in dorsal half of carapace
lungs elastic and spongy
diaphragm not true
diff species, breathe diff way
some species can utilise oxygen from water .
Reproductive Rabbit
Does has no uterine body = two uterine horns each with own cervix
each cervix > vagina separately = duplex arrangement
Induced ovulator. 12-16 days if not mated
Reproductive Bird
Female has one functioning ovary = left (right non functional)
Oviduct divided into diff parts (infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, shell gland/ uterus)
leaves the cloaca
Reproductive Lizard
ovaries, oviduct and wide infundibulum.
many oviparous, 1/5th viviparous
sex determined on temp whilst incubated
Reproductive Snake
ovi/viviparous
oviduct empties into a right + left. Each empties indepedently
system same as bird (infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, shell gland/uterus)
female can store sperm for several months.
batches of eggs can be fertilised after mating.
Reproductive Tortoise
ovi/viviparous
oviduct empties into a right + left. Each empties indepedently
system same as bird (infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, shell gland/uterus)
All lay eggs on land
