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Clinics > Exotics NAVLE Review > Flashcards

Exotics NAVLE Review Flashcards

1
Q

Compare BG of birds vs mammals

A

Bird BGs are higher! 200-300 ish

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2
Q

Avian RBCs: Unique trait

A

Nucleated!

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3
Q

Renal fxn in birds (blood test)

A

Uric Acid

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4
Q

How much blood can you safely take from birds?

A

1% of body weight

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5
Q

What are pneumatic bones

A

Bones that have air sacs

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6
Q

Which jugular vein is primary in birds?

A

Right

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7
Q

Ovary

A

Left

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8
Q

Unique traits of avian respiration

A

Complete tracheal rings, 9 air sacs, no diaphragm

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9
Q

What empties in the cloaca?

A

Urinary, GI, (all)

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10
Q

Name parts of bird droppings

A

Urate, feces, urine

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11
Q

Renal portal system

A

Birds and reptiles; affects metabolism

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12
Q

Lime green urine/urates in bird feces means?

A

Acute hepatopathy (liver is v unhappy), primary ddx is psitticosis (chlamydia psittici)

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13
Q

Avian eye lesions, commisure of beak, and on legs (scaly)

A

Knemidokoptes

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14
Q

What is brown hypertrophy of the cere?

A

Changes to the bird’s cere (browning), often confused with Knemidokoptes, due to estrogen production (gonadal neoplasia, e.g.), which often is accompanied by unilateral lameness (compression of nerve by mass)

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15
Q

Ddx for oral plaques

A

Hypovitaminosis A, trichmoniasis, candida

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16
Q

Most common cause for egg-binding as well as tx

A

Hypocalcemia; give Ca and fluids +/- Vit D

Birds are more responsive to prostaglandins than oxytocin, lubrication, sx if nothing else works (or ovocentesis)

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17
Q

What is treatment for broken blood feather?

A

Pull it out

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18
Q

Chlamydia psittaci

A

ZOONOTIC AND REPORTABLE

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19
Q

Pododermatitis

A

Staph!

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20
Q

PBFD vs behavioral feather picking

A

Look at distribution of lesions - where you can reach vs places you can’t (viral)

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21
Q

Bornavirus

A

PDD but if bird is + does not mean it will become clinical

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22
Q

2 systems affected by heavy metal toxicosis in birds

A

GI and CNS (sz e.g.)

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23
Q

PTFE = Teflon gas and birds

A

Causes acute pulmonary hemorrhage and edema in birds

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24
Q

What is crop burn?

A

Often when people microwave food for birds, causes area of necrosis, fistula forms, and bird then leaks food from its neck; 7-14 days post-initial trauma

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25
Q

DERmanyssus gallinae

A

Red mite, hangs out in crevices

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26
Q

Ornithonyssus sylvarium

A

Northern fowl mite

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27
Q

Knemidokoptes mutans

A

Scaly leg mite

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28
Q

Ivermectin in turtles/tortoises

A

TOXIC

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29
Q

Spectacles in snakes

A

If not shed properly, can become cloudy and affect vision

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30
Q

Secondary nutritional hyperPTH in reptiles

A

When Ca depleted in bones, fibrous tissue laid down instead. Those that eat prey usually don’t need UVB as a general rule

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31
Q

Turtles with low Vit A

A

Squamous metaplasia, especially eyelids (swollen), aural abscesses

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32
Q

Gout in reptiles

A

Birds and reptiles can have visceral or articular gout - uric acid crystals precipitating out and collecting in joints, or creating a sheen over organs

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33
Q

Snake mite name

A

Ophionyssus natricis; they like to hang in divet under the chin

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34
Q

Vasculitis in frogs/amphibians

A

Often aeromonas, redness

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35
Q

Vasculitis in frogs/amphibians

A

Often aeromonas, redness on inner thighs, sepsis

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36
Q

Thermal burn in snakes

A

Raw red running down belly, will transition to browned scales as well

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37
Q

Rabbits and antibiotic safety

A

Can’t use oral penicillins, macrolides, or cephalosporins. Can use others including chloramphenicol (harmful to humans), can use injectable penicillins (although not in rodents)

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38
Q

Rabbits and fipronil

A

TOXIC (Frontline)

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39
Q

Rabbits and steroids

A

Avoid!!! Okay in ferrets

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40
Q

Mandibular prognathism in rabbits

A

Genetic condition that can occur as early as 8 wks in rabbits, jutting jaw

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41
Q

Red urine in rabbits

A

May be normal (porphyrins). Hematuria = stones from Ca (high amounts excreted in urine; CaCarbonate, can see on rads), uterine adenocarcinoma (intact females)

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42
Q

Rabbit uterus

A

Bicornuate (2 cervixes)

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43
Q

Cecotrophs

A

Rabbits pass these and eat them (Vitamin B)

44
Q

Inguinal rings in male rabbits

A

Open, so they can retract them into body

45
Q

Sarcoptes in rabbit ears

A

Cornflakes in the ear! Treat with ivermectin

46
Q

Rabbit dandruff

A

Chyletiella (ZOONOTIC, including dogs/cats)

47
Q

Rabbit snuffles

A

Pasteurella multocida; discharge! moist derm, head tilt

48
Q

E. cuniculli

A

Otitis in rabbits! Often head tilt

49
Q

Rabbit syphillus

A

Treponema; injectable penicillin; crusty lesions around mouth and genitals

50
Q

Rabbit abscesses

A

Must be removed like a tumor, cannot form pus (missing an enzyme)

51
Q

D+ in baby rabbit

A

Coccidia

52
Q

Acute cataract in rabbits

A

E cuniculli

53
Q

D+ in adult rabbits

A

Poor diet

54
Q

Gastric trichobezoar in rabbits

A

May manage medically with supportive care, avoid sx now

55
Q

Primary respiratory pathogen in rats

A

Mycoplasma pulmonus

56
Q

Most common tumor in rats

A

Mammary adenocarcinoma, more benign in rats than in mice

57
Q

Guinea pig dystocia

A

Pelvis closes by 8months, if not bred before that more likely to present in dystocia

58
Q

Guinea pig gestation

A

62 days

59
Q

Wet tail in hamsters

A

Lawsonia; thickened bowel as well

60
Q

TB test nonhuman primate at which location?

A

Eyelid

61
Q

Old world primates die due to

A

Herpes B

62
Q

Ferret sexing

A

Males are larger; Hobbs vs Jills

63
Q

2 dot tattoo in ferret ear

A

Marshall’s ferret - spayed/neutered and de-scented at 5 weeks

64
Q

Musk glands in ferrets

A

Mustelidae, usually removed before sale

65
Q

Sinus arrhythmia in ferrets

A

Can be perfectly normal!

66
Q

Ferrets nutrition

A

Obligate carnivores

67
Q

Ovulation in ferrets

A

Induced ovulators, females not spayed stay in heat til bred and may become anemic as a result

68
Q

Ferret vax

A

Killed Rabies, Canine Distemper (FerVac D can cause anaphylaxis)

69
Q

Ferret vax rxns

A

Type I Hypersensitivity - Always premedicate (benadryl), stagger vax; Epi/DexSP

70
Q

Ferret gastritis

A

Helicobacter mustelae

71
Q

Green Slime Dz in ferrets

A

ECE; coronavirus, FIP-LIKE DZ POSSIBLE (granulomatous form)

72
Q

Adrenal dz in ferrets

A

Unlike dogs, no cortisol; SEX HORMONES. Can’t do LDDST. Can be UO because of mass on adrenals. Female with large vulva that is spayed is usually adrenal dz (or remnant, but rare).
Test with sex steroid levels (androgen panel)
Right adrenal is right on top of the caudal vena cava so sx is more risky.
First clinical sign is usually pruritus, even before alopecia; repro behavior
Tx involves removal, medical management

73
Q

Insulinoma in ferrets

A

Hypoglycemic signs

74
Q

LSA in ferrets

A

PLA

75
Q

Respiratory signs in chickens + ulcerative plagues and hemorrhages in GI/esophagus

A

Newcastle disease; several strains, each increases in pathogenicity. Exotic strain is the worst. REPORTABLE, eradicated in US. Vax available

76
Q

Avian influenza

A

Different strains; waterfowl reservoir. Mild to moderate respiratory signs. Repro signs, edema, infarctions, resp.
H5N8 is most recent outbreak, turkeys especially. Found in other bird species

77
Q

Chicken resp signs PLUS wrinkly eggs

A

Infectious bronchitis - Coronvirus. Often secondary E coli infection

78
Q

Chicken resp signs PLUS slinging blood around

A

Laryngotracheitis (herpes), often coinfections

79
Q

Chicken eye lesions

A

Mycoplasma - conj lesions and sinusitis as well as joint dz. Gallisepticum is resp, synoviae is joint. Fried-egg appearing cells in culture (hard to culture). Secondary E coli as well.

80
Q

Chicken E Coli

A

Can affect many body systems (resp, air sacculitis, repro) . Commensul but times of stress e.g. can allow infection. Can contaminate eggs and become human concern. Affected chicks are stunted. Sanitation/management issue.
ROTTING EGGS INSIDE

81
Q

…

A

Infectious coryza = Haemophilus paragallinarum

82
Q

..

A

Turkey coryza = Bordatella

83
Q

Chicken with giant swollen waddle

A

Avian cholera = Pasteurellosis; turkey especially; Chicken liver spotting

84
Q

Chicken aspergillosis

A

Present in environment, usually contamination issue, rotting eggs

85
Q

Chicken aspergillosis

A

Present in environment, usually contamination issue, rotting eggs.
Brain lesions, ocular lesions, shitty chicks etc

86
Q

Carbon monoxide and birds

A

Not great

87
Q

Outbreak in New Worl psittacines (conures, mccaws, amazons)

A

Pacheco’s disease; acute systemic failure (liver necrosis)

88
Q

Polyomavirus

A

Budgie fledgling disease; causes failure to thrive in fledglings, SQ hemorrhages, spleen/liver lesions; avoid mixed-species exhibits

89
Q

Proventricular dilatation

A

Ravenous appetite; neuritis

90
Q

Salmonella pullorum

A

Eradicated basically; cecal core

REPORTABLE

91
Q

Salmonella enteritidis

A

People dz

92
Q

TB vs aspergillosis

A

They can look like each other! Acid fast stain to see mycobacteria

93
Q

Ulcerative enteritis

A

Qual! Clostridium colinum e.g.; white foci on GI tract

94
Q

GI Candida

A

Thickened crop mucosal wall

95
Q

Megabacteriosis

A

Macrorhabdus ornithogaster; large gram + rod, oral Amphoteracin B; look like sticks/hay that prevent GI from absorbing nutrients

96
Q

Vitamin A deficiency in birds

A

Keratinized cells,

97
Q

Psittacine beak and feather syndrome

A

vs psychological; check localization

98
Q

Bird Pox

A

Lesions all over; bollanger body on histo! Especially mucocutaneous jcts

99
Q

Bumblefoot

A

Pododermatitis

100
Q

West Nile Virus

A

Birds are reservoir

101
Q

Limberneck in Waterfowl

A

Botulism; ingesting fly larvae from contaminated carcasses.

102
Q

Infectious bursa virus

A

anemia

103
Q

Mareck’s disease

A

Younger birds, can’t walk (ischiatic nerve); herpes, color of iris can change (LSA) and survivors prone to lymphoid leukosis

104
Q

Amyloidosis

A

Waterfowl, usually secondary to chronic…

105
Q

Echidnophaga gallinacean

A

Sticktight flea

Clinics (2 decks)

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