Exotics NAVLE Review Flashcards
Compare BG of birds vs mammals
Bird BGs are higher! 200-300 ish
Avian RBCs: Unique trait
Nucleated!
Renal fxn in birds (blood test)
Uric Acid
How much blood can you safely take from birds?
1% of body weight
What are pneumatic bones
Bones that have air sacs
Which jugular vein is primary in birds?
Right
Ovary
Left
Unique traits of avian respiration
Complete tracheal rings, 9 air sacs, no diaphragm
What empties in the cloaca?
Urinary, GI, (all)
Name parts of bird droppings
Urate, feces, urine
Renal portal system
Birds and reptiles; affects metabolism
Lime green urine/urates in bird feces means?
Acute hepatopathy (liver is v unhappy), primary ddx is psitticosis (chlamydia psittici)
Avian eye lesions, commisure of beak, and on legs (scaly)
Knemidokoptes
What is brown hypertrophy of the cere?
Changes to the bird’s cere (browning), often confused with Knemidokoptes, due to estrogen production (gonadal neoplasia, e.g.), which often is accompanied by unilateral lameness (compression of nerve by mass)
Ddx for oral plaques
Hypovitaminosis A, trichmoniasis, candida
Most common cause for egg-binding as well as tx
Hypocalcemia; give Ca and fluids +/- Vit D
Birds are more responsive to prostaglandins than oxytocin, lubrication, sx if nothing else works (or ovocentesis)
What is treatment for broken blood feather?
Pull it out
Chlamydia psittaci
ZOONOTIC AND REPORTABLE
Pododermatitis
Staph!
PBFD vs behavioral feather picking
Look at distribution of lesions - where you can reach vs places you can’t (viral)
Bornavirus
PDD but if bird is + does not mean it will become clinical
2 systems affected by heavy metal toxicosis in birds
GI and CNS (sz e.g.)
PTFE = Teflon gas and birds
Causes acute pulmonary hemorrhage and edema in birds
What is crop burn?
Often when people microwave food for birds, causes area of necrosis, fistula forms, and bird then leaks food from its neck; 7-14 days post-initial trauma
DERmanyssus gallinae
Red mite, hangs out in crevices
Ornithonyssus sylvarium
Northern fowl mite
Knemidokoptes mutans
Scaly leg mite
Ivermectin in turtles/tortoises
TOXIC
Spectacles in snakes
If not shed properly, can become cloudy and affect vision
Secondary nutritional hyperPTH in reptiles
When Ca depleted in bones, fibrous tissue laid down instead. Those that eat prey usually don’t need UVB as a general rule
Turtles with low Vit A
Squamous metaplasia, especially eyelids (swollen), aural abscesses
Gout in reptiles
Birds and reptiles can have visceral or articular gout - uric acid crystals precipitating out and collecting in joints, or creating a sheen over organs
Snake mite name
Ophionyssus natricis; they like to hang in divet under the chin
Vasculitis in frogs/amphibians
Often aeromonas, redness
Vasculitis in frogs/amphibians
Often aeromonas, redness on inner thighs, sepsis
Thermal burn in snakes
Raw red running down belly, will transition to browned scales as well
Rabbits and antibiotic safety
Can’t use oral penicillins, macrolides, or cephalosporins. Can use others including chloramphenicol (harmful to humans), can use injectable penicillins (although not in rodents)
Rabbits and fipronil
TOXIC (Frontline)
Rabbits and steroids
Avoid!!! Okay in ferrets
Mandibular prognathism in rabbits
Genetic condition that can occur as early as 8 wks in rabbits, jutting jaw
Red urine in rabbits
May be normal (porphyrins). Hematuria = stones from Ca (high amounts excreted in urine; CaCarbonate, can see on rads), uterine adenocarcinoma (intact females)
Rabbit uterus
Bicornuate (2 cervixes)
Cecotrophs
Rabbits pass these and eat them (Vitamin B)
Inguinal rings in male rabbits
Open, so they can retract them into body
Sarcoptes in rabbit ears
Cornflakes in the ear! Treat with ivermectin
Rabbit dandruff
Chyletiella (ZOONOTIC, including dogs/cats)
Rabbit snuffles
Pasteurella multocida; discharge! moist derm, head tilt
E. cuniculli
Otitis in rabbits! Often head tilt
Rabbit syphillus
Treponema; injectable penicillin; crusty lesions around mouth and genitals
Rabbit abscesses
Must be removed like a tumor, cannot form pus (missing an enzyme)
D+ in baby rabbit
Coccidia
Acute cataract in rabbits
E cuniculli
D+ in adult rabbits
Poor diet
Gastric trichobezoar in rabbits
May manage medically with supportive care, avoid sx now
Primary respiratory pathogen in rats
Mycoplasma pulmonus
Most common tumor in rats
Mammary adenocarcinoma, more benign in rats than in mice
Guinea pig dystocia
Pelvis closes by 8months, if not bred before that more likely to present in dystocia
Guinea pig gestation
62 days
Wet tail in hamsters
Lawsonia; thickened bowel as well
TB test nonhuman primate at which location?
Eyelid
Old world primates die due to
Herpes B
Ferret sexing
Males are larger; Hobbs vs Jills
2 dot tattoo in ferret ear
Marshall’s ferret - spayed/neutered and de-scented at 5 weeks
Musk glands in ferrets
Mustelidae, usually removed before sale
Sinus arrhythmia in ferrets
Can be perfectly normal!
Ferrets nutrition
Obligate carnivores
Ovulation in ferrets
Induced ovulators, females not spayed stay in heat til bred and may become anemic as a result
Ferret vax
Killed Rabies, Canine Distemper (FerVac D can cause anaphylaxis)
Ferret vax rxns
Type I Hypersensitivity - Always premedicate (benadryl), stagger vax; Epi/DexSP
Ferret gastritis
Helicobacter mustelae
Green Slime Dz in ferrets
ECE; coronavirus, FIP-LIKE DZ POSSIBLE (granulomatous form)
Adrenal dz in ferrets
Unlike dogs, no cortisol; SEX HORMONES. Can’t do LDDST. Can be UO because of mass on adrenals. Female with large vulva that is spayed is usually adrenal dz (or remnant, but rare).
Test with sex steroid levels (androgen panel)
Right adrenal is right on top of the caudal vena cava so sx is more risky.
First clinical sign is usually pruritus, even before alopecia; repro behavior
Tx involves removal, medical management
Insulinoma in ferrets
Hypoglycemic signs
LSA in ferrets
PLA
Respiratory signs in chickens + ulcerative plagues and hemorrhages in GI/esophagus
Newcastle disease; several strains, each increases in pathogenicity. Exotic strain is the worst. REPORTABLE, eradicated in US. Vax available
Avian influenza
Different strains; waterfowl reservoir. Mild to moderate respiratory signs. Repro signs, edema, infarctions, resp.
H5N8 is most recent outbreak, turkeys especially. Found in other bird species
Chicken resp signs PLUS wrinkly eggs
Infectious bronchitis - Coronvirus. Often secondary E coli infection
Chicken resp signs PLUS slinging blood around
Laryngotracheitis (herpes), often coinfections
Chicken eye lesions
Mycoplasma - conj lesions and sinusitis as well as joint dz. Gallisepticum is resp, synoviae is joint. Fried-egg appearing cells in culture (hard to culture). Secondary E coli as well.
Chicken E Coli
Can affect many body systems (resp, air sacculitis, repro) . Commensul but times of stress e.g. can allow infection. Can contaminate eggs and become human concern. Affected chicks are stunted. Sanitation/management issue.
ROTTING EGGS INSIDE
…
Infectious coryza = Haemophilus paragallinarum
..
Turkey coryza = Bordatella
Chicken with giant swollen waddle
Avian cholera = Pasteurellosis; turkey especially; Chicken liver spotting
Chicken aspergillosis
Present in environment, usually contamination issue, rotting eggs
Chicken aspergillosis
Present in environment, usually contamination issue, rotting eggs.
Brain lesions, ocular lesions, shitty chicks etc
Carbon monoxide and birds
Not great
Outbreak in New Worl psittacines (conures, mccaws, amazons)
Pacheco’s disease; acute systemic failure (liver necrosis)
Polyomavirus
Budgie fledgling disease; causes failure to thrive in fledglings, SQ hemorrhages, spleen/liver lesions; avoid mixed-species exhibits
Proventricular dilatation
Ravenous appetite; neuritis
Salmonella pullorum
Eradicated basically; cecal core
REPORTABLE
Salmonella enteritidis
People dz
TB vs aspergillosis
They can look like each other! Acid fast stain to see mycobacteria
Ulcerative enteritis
Qual! Clostridium colinum e.g.; white foci on GI tract
GI Candida
Thickened crop mucosal wall
Megabacteriosis
Macrorhabdus ornithogaster; large gram + rod, oral Amphoteracin B; look like sticks/hay that prevent GI from absorbing nutrients
Vitamin A deficiency in birds
Keratinized cells,
Psittacine beak and feather syndrome
vs psychological; check localization
Bird Pox
Lesions all over; bollanger body on histo! Especially mucocutaneous jcts
Bumblefoot
Pododermatitis
West Nile Virus
Birds are reservoir
Limberneck in Waterfowl
Botulism; ingesting fly larvae from contaminated carcasses.
Infectious bursa virus
anemia
Mareck’s disease
Younger birds, can’t walk (ischiatic nerve); herpes, color of iris can change (LSA) and survivors prone to lymphoid leukosis
Amyloidosis
Waterfowl, usually secondary to chronic…
Echidnophaga gallinacean
Sticktight flea
