Exotics Exam 1 Flashcards
mammal species
4,000
bird species
9500
reptile species
7000
amphibian species
4200
fish species
19,000 (up to 25,000)
marketing
direct
indirect
direct marketing
yellow page advertisements hospital brochure follow up communication use of other media hospital sign/logo
indirect marketing
word of mouth
retailers- post-purchase exam, brochures and cards at check out
complimentary classes
most important piece of equipment to purchase for practice when starting exotics
gram scale
radiology for exotics
high detail
dental
mammography
most important dz conditions encounter in reptiles
environmental
most environmental condition
temperature
ectothermic
depend on environmental temperature
POBT
preferred optimal body temperature
metabolism, digestion, immune system
suture removal in reptiles
6 weeks
ecdysis
shedding
humidity needed for:
optimum health
proper ecdysis
dysecdysis
abnormal shedding of the skin
caused by low humidity
retained spectacle - skin on eye
blister disease
high humidity
suboptimal light
inadequate ultraviolet light (UVB) - needed for Vit. D
lack vit. D - cause Ca deficiency
metabolic bone disease
secondary hyperparathyroidism (husbandry)
zinc toxicity
from pennies (esp. 1982 and later ones)
lot of reptiles ingest shiny things (esp. tortoises)
can get hardware dz from ingesting things (tortoises eat things like nails)
1 concern of keeping reptiles at home
Salmonella
sanitation key
chelonians
tortoises
feeding snakes rodents
only feed killed rodents
unless quickly killed the rodents bite and injure snakes - long time to heal and deep
protozoa
Amoeba (Entamoeba)
not zoonotic
tx: metronidazole
Cryptosporidium
Coccidia- sporozoa
one of most economically impt. dz in reptiles
zoonosis? treat as such
hypertrophic gastritis
CS: midbody swelling in snakes and postprandial regurgitation
tx: none
Ophionyssus
“snake mite”
tiny gray dots under chin & between scales
tx: soaking, washing, sanitation
ticks
anemia
focal ulcerating lesions
ivermectin
tx of ectoparasites
contraindicated in chelonians
nematode- ascarids
CS: none
Tx: fenbendazole
most important/common disease see in reptiles
hypovitaminosis D
hypovitaminosis D
hypocalcemia
metabolic bone disease
hypervitaminosis D
metastatic mineralization of soft tissue
thigmotactic
animal prefers to wedge itself between objects
critical aspect of dz prevention in reptile collection
quarantine
class
reptilia
3 orders
chelonians
crocodilians
squamates
squamates order
saurians (lizards)
serpentes (snakes)
sphenodontia (tuatara)
thermal gradient
mid 80s to low 100s F
primary heat source
provides background temp at low end of PBT
secondary heat source
basking spot
UVB wavelength
290-320nm
space between UVB and animal
12-18 inches
humidity
50-60%
temperature large ponds
75-80F
quarantine
60-120 days
reptiles endangered
1/3 of reptiles
how many of the serpentes are venemous
1/3
most widely distributed reptiles
sauria (lizards)
venemous lizards
gila and beaded lizard
desert tortoise upper respiratory infection
Mycoplasma agassizii
Mycobacterium
caseous necrosis
granulomata
zoonotic potential
inclusion body disease
retrovirus Burmese pythons boa constrictors snake mite plays a role neurologic as progresses fatal
ulcerative stomatitis
Aeromonas, Pseudomonas
blister disease
gram -
middle ear infection of chelonian
Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas
mA
300
kVP
40-100
distance between tube and cassette
40 inches
fracture healing radiographs in lizards
12-16 weeks post injury
radiograph view
DV (bones and other organs)
lateral (using horizontal beam- lungs)
craniocaudal in chelonians (lungs)
volume blood collected from reptile
.5-.8% of body weight
anticoagulant
use heparin
NEVER CaEDTA- b/c causes hemolysis
venipuncture in lizards
ventral coccygeal/tail vein
jugular
venipuncture in snakes
cardiac #1
ventral tail vein
insert needles between scales
venipuncture in chelonians
jugular subcarapacial- lymph dilution dorsal coccygeal- lymph dilution brachial postoccipital venous plexus
blunted choanal papilla
indicate illness
hypovitaminosis A at top if list
do birds have an epiglottis
no
birds have complete tracheal rings so need to use
noncuffed endotracheal tubes
syrinx
tracheal bifurcation- vocalization
air sacs
9
80% respiratory volume
unpaired
interclavicular
paired
cervicocephalic
cranial thoracic
caudal thoracic
abdominal
rhamphotheca
entire beak
rhinotheca
upper beak
gnathotheca
lower beak
intrinsic tongue muscles
only parrots have
pterylae
feathered tracts
apterylae
featherless areas between tracts
remiges
flight feathers
retrices
tail feathers
coverts
feathers cover most of body
notarium
cervical + thoracic vertebrae
synsacrum
caudal thoracic + lumbar + sacral + caudal vertebrae (fused to ileum)
pygostyle
distal fusion of caudal vertebrae
supracoracoiddeus
abduction of wing
pectoralis
adduction of wing
temp for sick birds
85-90 F
temp for baby birds
94F
Pacheco’s disease
psittacine herpesvirus hepatitis targets the liver biliverdinuria latent infection survives infection- carrier
psittacine beak and feather disease
circovirus targets immune system targets follicles of feathers abnormal shape or color feather- CS peracute fledgling/nestling form acute- nestlings chronic- 6 months or older PCR test stable environment
avian polyoma virus
small psittacines: nestlings death day 10-25, feather dystrophy, subcutanous hemorrhage
large pisttacines: hepatitis
latent infections, stable environment
PCR
poxvirus
break through skin- trauma or mosquito
dry cutaneous- proliferative masses regress 4-6 weeks
wet mucosal (diphtheritic)- oropharynx, trachea, eyes
septicemic - conjunctivitis, dyspnea, lung tumors in survivors
cytology/histology
WNV
mosquito
no signs, sick bird syndrome, neurological, found dead
PCR
equine vaccine
papillomatosis
new world species
likely herpes virus
papillomas on mucosal surfaces esp. cloaca and oropharynx
histopath
avian borna virus
live NS and spread through GI signs: nonspecific, GI, neuro, combo crop dilatation big sign PCR affects ganglions supplying GI system - lymphoplasmacytic infiltration non-supportive encephalomyelitis body inflammatory response causing issue anti-inflammatories for tx (Meloxican TOC, carprofen)
avian radiographic views
VD
lateral
ingluvies
crop
proventriculus
lateral view
VD view depends on gizzard
gizzard
VD: left midline w/ cranial border level acetebulum
lateral: dorsal surface 1/2 to 3/4 distance between vertebral column and keel
intestines
not much gas- don’t show on plain films
liver
VD: hourglass shape
lateral: heart cranially, gizzard/duodenum caudally, proventriculus dorsally, sternum ventrally
spleen:
lateral: cranial to intestines and dorsal to liver
