exotics

Question 1

what is the skeletal formula for a cat

Answer 1

C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd20+-

Question 2

what is the skeletal formula for a dog

Answer 2

C7 T13 L7 S3 Cs 20-+

Question 3

what is the skeletal formula for a rabbit

Answer 3

C7 T12-13 L7 S4 Cd16

Question 4

what is the skeletal formula for a guinea pig

Answer 4

C7 T13-14 L6 S2-3 Cd4-6

Question 5

compare the rat skeletal formula to a dog

Answer 5

the dogs skeletal formula is C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd20-+ whereas the rats formula is C7 T13 L6 S4 Cd27-31. the dog and rat have the same Cervical and Thoracic vertebrae but the dog has one more lumbar vertebrae but one less sacral vertebrae, the rat has more Cd vertebrae than the dog

Question 6

what is the purpose of the craniofacial hinge that is found in the head of a bird

Answer 6

it’s found between the upper beak and the skull. it increases mobility of the beak during feeding

Question 7

what is the pygostylr of a bird

Answer 7

the causally placed fused vertebrae which support for tail feathers and rudder

Question 8

what is the function of the coracoid bone in the avian skeleton

Answer 8

the coracoid is a stout strong bone that connects the cranial edge of the sternum to the shoulder joint complex

Question 9

what is the function of the keel in birds

Answer 9

for muscle attachment (pectoral) to aid strong flight muscles

Question 10

what are pneumatic bones

Answer 10

hollow bones which can be fused together to create a lighter body weight for flight and allow gas exchange using air sacs

Question 11

why is the avian neck longer and more flexible than a mammals

Answer 11

to allow preening (flexibility), aids in flight and these animals may head bob when they walk or during courtship

Question 12

Explain the significance of vitamin C in relation to guinea pig nutrition?

Answer 12

Guinea pigs are unable to synthesise vitamin C (1). This means they must be provided a dietary source of vitamin C (1) the failure to achieve the required levels of vitamin C can result in a condition called scurvy

Question 13

State the difference between rabbit and a guinea pig in the dental formula both formulas clearly must be identified within the answer?

Answer 13

Rabbit dental formula is 2033/1023 = 28 in total and guinea pig
dental formula is 1013/1013 = 20 in total.

Question 14

State the difference between rabbit and canine dentition.

Answer 14

Rabbits have open rooted teeth whereas canines are closed rooted
(1) with no continuous growth (1)
Rabbits naturally wear down teeth via lateral movements of the mandible (1), this is not seen in canines as they do not naturally wear down their teeth as they have permanent teeth once the deciduous fall out (1).
Rabbits have a diastema in place of canines (1).

Question 15

Describe four main housing requirements for rabbits.

Answer 15

Adequate space to allow for natural behaviours, ideally 3 hops from end to end (1) or 6ft long, 2f high, 2ft deep (1).
- Made of sturdy material to prevent digging or chewing leading to escape (1) or rotting due to urine (1).
- Have space for sleep area, food area and toilet area (1).
- Protection from predators and adverse weather (1).

Question 16

Describe five factors that contribute to malocclusion of rabbit’s teeth.

Answer 16

Poor diet, lack of hay and vegetables.
- Will hide symptoms as they gre a prey species so owners may not realise until it’s too late.
- Lack of gnawing materials- teeth are open rooted and constantly growing so without being able to gnaw on objects they won’t be naturally wearing them down to counteract the growth.
Neglect- owners not paying enough attention and therefore not noticing soon enough.
- Genetics- poor teeth conformation.

Question 17

Describe five factors that contribute to malocclusion of rabbit’s teeth.

Answer 17

Poor diet, lack of hay and vegetables.
- Will hide symptoms as they gre a prey species so owners may not realise until it’s too late.
- Lack of gnawing materials- teeth are open rooted and constantly growing so without being able to gnaw on objects they won’t be naturally wearing them down to counteract the growth.
Neglect- owners not paying enough attention and therefore not noticing soon enough.
- Genetics- poor teeth conformation.

Question 18

One of the most common medical diseases seen in rabbits is ileus or gut stasis.
a) Define the term Ileus.
b) Describe what factors could contribute to a rabbit developing Ileus?

Answer 18

One of the most common medical diseases seen in rabbits is ileus or gut stasis.
a) Define the term Ileus. (2, half marks awarded)
Ileus is a condition of the gastrointestinal tract (0.5), it happens when digestion stalls (0.5), muscular contractions of the stomach are reduced (0.5), and the food backs up in the intestines causing blockage (0.5) and bacterial flora in the digestive tract becomes unbalanced (0.5).

b) Stress or pain can lead to inappetence or prolonged anorexia. (1)
Dental disease such as malocclusion can prevent the rabbit from eating leading to ileus. (1)
Occlusions from foreign material such as hairballs. (1)
An incorrect diet can lead to ileus due to the rabbit’s inability to digest the food or lack of fibre.

Question 19

Identify the key differences of digestion in rabbits compared to canines.

Answer 19

Rabbits are monogastric herbivores meaning they are hindgut fermenters (1).
Digestion begins during mastication via enzymes secreted by the salivary glands (1). These enzymes are found throughout the digestive tract and continue to break down food (1).

Question 20

State three supportive feeding methods for tortoises in practice.

Answer 20

Tempt to eat by providing varied diet.
Gavage feeding.
Oesophagostomy tube.

Question 21

Describe the key differences between the feline and avian skeleton.

Answer 21

A description of any of the following:
• Instead of forelegs the birds have wings (1)
• Adapted with reduced number of bones (1)
• Fusion of some bones compared to felines (1)
• Thinner bones. Internal bony braces maintain strength (1)
• Hollow bones filled with air spaces (1)
• Air sacs extend into some bones (1)
• Keel adapted for muscle attachments for flight in avians compared to felines.
• Birds have a keratinised beak no teeth (1), which is lighter than the feline jaw and associated dentition. (1)
• Synsacrum is fused in avians to support landing, this is not the case with felines.
• Uncinate process on ribs for muscle attachments and aid respiration.

Question 22

State the preferred vein for intravenous injections in Iguanas.

Answer 22

Jugular or lateral coccygeal fein

Question 23

8. A juvenile Iguana has been admitted to the hospital for observation.
   a) Please explain why temperature is one of the most important husbandry considerations for hospitalised reptiles.
   b) Describe how a vivarium should be set up to ensure that an Iguana is housed at the correct temperature. (9 marks)

Answer 23

a) Iguanas are poikilothermic (1)- which means their body temperature varies in line with that of their surroundings (1)
Iguanas have a preferred optimum body temperature (1), this is the temperature at which physiological processes, e.g. immunogenics digestion and reproduction occur (1).
Low temperatures siow down digestion (1) and healing (1)

b) The vivarium should be set up with a ceramic or infrared bulb (1) to provide a stable background temperature (1).
There should be no way for the Iguana to injure itself by being able to access the bulb directly i.e. it should be guarded (1).
There should be a temperature gradient within the vivarium i.e. a warm and a cool side (1).
A basking area (or hot spot) should be provided too (1).
The temperature within the vivarium should be controlled by a thermostat (1).
The temperature should be monitored daily using a thermometer (1).
Temperature should be reduced at night-time. (1) Exact temperatures will vary between species (1)

Question 24

Describe the anatomical differences in the structure of the reproductive anatomy of a female dog compared to a female rabbit.

Answer 24

The rabbit has 2 uterine horns which open into the vagina each with a separate cervix, the rabbit has no uterine body.
- the rabbit is an induced ovulatory whereas the dog is a spontaneous exulater.
- The gestation length of a rabbit is 28-32 days whereas the dog is 58-68days.
The male rabbit has no es penis, the dog does.
- The male rabbit has bulberethral glands, the dog doesn’t have these.

Question 25

Describe the anatomical differences in the structure of the reproductive anatomy of a male dog compared to a male bird.

Answer 25

• The male bird has a pair of testes connected to the cloaca, whereas canines don’t have a cloaca.
• The testes lie inside the body whereas in canines they can lie outside the body in the scrotum.
• The bird has a phallus which forms into a groove when mating, the canine has a penis which is inserted into the vagina.
  Female-
• Birds produce eggs, mammals don’t
• Birds have a single ovary and oviduct whereas a dog has 2 ovaries and oviducts

Question 26

Describe the anatomical differences in the structure of the reproductive anatomy of a male dog compared to a male lizard.

Answer 26

male-

-The lizard has paired hemipenes, the dog doesn’t have this.

The female lizard lays eggs, the dog doesn’t.
- Females have paired ovaries and oviducts which enter. into the uredeum of the cloaca, dogs don’t have a cloaca.
Lizards don’t have a uterus
- Don’t have a cervix, mammals do

Question 27

Describe the anatomical differences in the structure of the reproductive anatomy of a male dog compared to a male chelonia.

Answer 27

Male chelonians have a cloaca which is where the penis is when at rest, when it is enlarged it is projected through the vent, whereas male dogs do not have a cloaca and their penis is held within the prepuce.
Male chelonian testes are attached to the cranioventral pole of the kidneys within the chelonian’s abdomen, whereas male dog’s testes are held in the epididymis.

Question 28

Describe the anatomical differences in the structure of the digestive system of a female cat to a female rabbit.

Answer 28

The rabbit is a monogastric herbivore, this means they are hind gut fermenters.
Rabbits have a long GI tract whereas felines have a shorter Gl tract as they are carnivores meaning they don’t need a specialised digestive system as their digestion is made up from mechanical and enzymatic.
Rabbits grind their food laterally whereas dogs chew their food horizontally.
- Cats digestion starts with the salivary glands softening their food and these are found continuously throughout the digestive system and break food down.
- Rabbits use their cheek teeth mixed with saliva to break down their food.
- the rabbit has a well-developed caecum whereas the cats caecum is very short.
- Rabbits will also carry out caecotrophy which is the action of eating the caecotrophy to gain any lost nutrients, the cat doesn’t do this.
Rabbits have open rooted teeth whereas cats have closed rooted teeth.
Rabbits naturally wear down their teeth by lateral movements of the jaw, felines have permanent teeth.
Rabbits have a diastema instead of canine teeth. Rabbit teeth are chisel shaped and felines are pointed.

Question 29

Describe the anatomical differences in the structure of the digestive system of a female cat to a female guinea pig.

Answer 29

Guinea pigs are herbivores meaning they only eat plant material, compared to cats which are carnivorous.
The dental formula for guinea pigs is 11/1 CO/0 PM1/1 M3/3= 20 teeth compared to cats which is 13/3 C1/1 PM3/2 M1/1= 30 teeth.
- The guinea pig doesn’t have any canines and instead has a diastema taking its place, compared to the cat which has canines.
- Guinea pigs teeth are open rooted and wear down compared to cats which are closed rooted.
- Guinea pigs are unable to synthetises vitamin C whereas cats can.
- Guinea pigs carry out coprophagia whereas cats don’t.

Question 30

Describe the anatomical differences in the structure of the digestive system of a female dog to a female mouse.

Answer 30

• The dental formula for a mouse is 11/1 C)1/1 PMO/0 M3/3 x 2 = 16 teeth
  compared to a dig which is 13/3 C1/1 PM 4/4 M2/3x2= 42 teeth.
• The mouse does not have any canines whereas the dog does.
• The mouses incisors are yellow stained due to the iron levels whereas the dogs are white.
• The mouses teeth are chisel shaped compared to a dog which is pointed.
• The mouse has open rooted teeth compared to dogs which have closed rooted teeth.
• The myomorph has a ridge between the oesophagus and the cardiac region of the stomach making regurgitation almost impossible compared to a dog or cat who don’t have this. (A hamster has a fore stomach for cellulose breakdown).

Question 31

Describe the anatomical differences in the structure of the digestive system of a female cat to a female chinchilla.

Answer 31

The chinchilla has open rooted teeth whereas the feline has closed rooted.
- The digestive formula for a chinchilla is 11/1 CO/0 PM1/1 M3/3= 20 total whereas the dentition for a cat is 13/3 C1/1 PM3/2 M1/1= 30 teeth.
- The chinchilla has less teeth as they have a diastema replacing the canine teeth.
- The chinchilla also has less PM teeth but more M teeth known as cheek teeth.
- The oral cavity for a chinchilla is small and narrow whereas the cats oral cavity is bigger.
- Cats teeth are pointed whereas chinchillas teeth are chisel shaped.
- The chinchilla exhibits coprophagia whereas the cat doesn’t. the intestines in a chinchilla have adapted to digest plant material whereas in cats they don’t have this.
- Chinchillas are mostly herbivorous whereas cats are carnivorous. The colon is sacculated in the chinchilla but isn’t in the cat.

Question 32

Describe the anatomical differences in the structure of the digestive system of a female dog to a female bird.

Answer 32

The bird has a keratinsed beak whereas the dog has teeth.
- The bird has a craniofacial hinge which allow movement of the beak, canines don’t have this.
- Birds have a crop which is a area of storage before entering stomach, canines don’t have this.
- Some birds have a gizzard which aids in breakdown of food, canines don’t have this. The bird has 2 large caecae in which the canine doesn’t.

Question 33

Describe the anatomical differences in the structure of the digestive system of a female cat to a female snake.

Answer 33

• The snake has 2 rows of teeth on each side of the maxilla whereas the feline only has 1 row.
• Snakes have fangs whereas felines have canines.
• The snakes teeth are open rooted and can be replaced whereas the feline only has permanent teeth.
• Some snake teeth are grooved if they are non venomous and pointed when venomous whereas feline teeth are only pointed.
• The cat has premolars and molars whereas the snake only has fangs.

Question 34

Describe the anatomical differences in the structure of the digestive system of a female cat to a female chelonia.

Answer 34

• Chelonians possess a beak instead of teeth, a cat has teeth.
• The chelonians tongue cannot protrude from the mouth, the cats tongue can do this.
• The S intestine is short, a cats s intestine is long
• The colon ends in a cloaca, the cat doesn’t have this instead they have a rectum.

Question 35

Describe the anatomical differences in the structure of the digestive system of a female dog to a female lizard.

Answer 35

• Lizards do not chew their food, they tear it up into tiny pieces, the dog chews its food.
• the conical teeth in lizards do not sit in sockets, the conical teeth in dogs do sit in a socket.
• The tongue is used to taste the environment in lizards but in dogs its used to move the bolus of food to the back of the mouth.
• lizards are herbivours insectivores, carnivores and omnivores whereas the dog is only an omnivore.
• The lizards stomach is elongated whereas the dogs is rounded.

Question 36

Describe the anatomical differences in the skeletal structure of a cat to a rabbit

Answer 36

• The skeleton only represents 7-8% of the body weight, the bones are much thinner and fragile compared to a cat as cat has 12-14%.
• The skeletal structure is very similar too, the rabbit being C7 T12-13 L7 S4 Cd 16 and the cat being C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd20-21.
• Rabbits have a dewlap, cats don’t
• The scapula is more sharply triangular and has a hook shape.
• The hip joint comprises of the ilium, ischium and accessory bone, the pubis isn’t involved in the formation of this socket, compared to the cat the pubis is involved.
• In the rabbit, the radius and ulna are completely fused, in the cat these are separate.
• In the hind limb of a rabbit, the fibula is half the length of the tibia and is fused, in the cat these aren’t fused.
• Rabbit muscle is a pale pink whereas the cat is more pink.

Question 37

Describe the anatomical differences in the skeletal structure of a dog to a snake

Answer 37

• Dogs have limbs, snakes don’t.
• snakes have scales, dogs don’t.
• snakes have a kinetic skull, which means the teeth are loosely connected, the dogs teeth are connected without movement.
• The snake has a wide range of vertebrae, from 150-400, where as the dogs vertebrae is C7 T13 L7 L6 Cd20+-.
• The snake has no sternum, the dog has a sternum.
• Snakes shed their whole skin, dogs don’t.

Question 38

Describe the anatomical differences in the skeletal structure of a dog to a guinea pig

Answer 38

•Guinea pigs have a large tympanic bullae, compared to a dog or cat this is very thin.
- The skeletal formula for a dog is C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd 20-23 compared to the guinea pig which is C7 T13-14 L6 S2-3 Cd4-6.

Question 39

Describe the anatomical differences in the skeletal structure of a dog to a
hamster

Answer 39

Hamsters have a large cheek pouch where they store food extending from the oral cavity to the scapula, dogs don’t have this.
- Hamsters have very small limbs, dogs are very large.
- The tail of a hamster is extremely small, the dog dependent on breed has a longer tail.
The vertebral formula for a hamster is C7 T13 L6 S4 Cd13-14 compared to a dog which is C7 T13 L7 S3 C20+-

Question 40

Describe the anatomical differences in the skeletal structure of a cat to a bird

Answer 40

• The bird has thin fused bones which enable the skeleton to be lighter.
• The bird has a keel which aids in muscle attachment.
• Birds have wings instead of limbs.
• The bird has a keratinsed beak instead of teeth, the beak is lighter than the feline jaw. Birds have air sacs which extend into bones.
  Birds have more fused bones compared to felines.
  The bird has an open pubis to deliver eggs, compared to a cat it has a symphysis.
• The bird doesn’t have a diaphragm, the cat does.
• Different species of birds have modified feet, the cat species doesn’t have this.
• Cats don’t have a preen gland but birds do.

Question 41

Describe the anatomical differences in the skeletal structure of a dog to a lizard

Answer 41

Lizards do not have a sternum, dogs have this.
- Some types of lizards can run on 2 legs whereas the dog needs all 4 legs to run.
- Lizzards have teeth which are attached to the mandible without sockets, the dogs teeth are attached with sockets.
- Lizards ribs are attached throughout the whole vertebrae whereas dogs ribs are only attached in the thoracic vertebrae.
- Lizards have the adaptability to loose their tail, dogs cant do this. Dogs have intervertebral discs, lizards don’t have this.
- The skeletal formula for a dog is C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd 20-23 compared to a lizard which doesn’t have a spine as they are a vertebrate

Question 42

Describe the anatomical differences in the skeletal structure of a dog to a chelonia

Answer 42

• The skeletal formula for a dog is C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd20-23 compared to a chelonia the shell is the skeleton.
• Dogs have a temporal fossa, chelonias don’t.

Question 43

Describe the anatomical differences in the structure of the reproductive anatomy
of a male dog compared to a male chinchilla.

Answer 43

• Males have no true scrotum, dogs and cats do.
• The testes remain in the inguinal canal or abdomen whereas the testes lie in the scrotum of the cat or dog.
• A dogs penis averages for 6.5-24cm and a chinchilla is 1.5cm.

Female-
- The chinchilla has 2 cervixes whereas the dog has one.
- The chinchilla male and female have 3 pairs of mammary glands whereas the dog or cat has 4-5 pairs.
- The teats protrude sideways compared to a dog or cat they protrude forward.
- Female chinchilla is seasonally polvoestrus whereas the dog is monosestrus.
- Young are precocial, whereas puppies are altricial.
- The gestation period for a chinchilla is 111 days compared to a dog which is 58-68 days, a cat is 65.

Question 44

how many teeth do myomorphs have

Answer 44

16 teeth with no PM and rooted M

Question 45

how do myomorphs have a forward thrusting of the jaw and effecting gnawing

Answer 45

the medial mastester muscles which insert in the lower jaw runs through the infraorbital foramen and inserts on the rostral muzzle

Question 46

how many teeth do caviomorphs have

Answer 46

20 open rooted M

Question 47

why do myomorphs teeth have a yellow orange colour

Answer 47

due to the iron pigments

Question 48

what is the gestation period for a hamster

Answer 48

16 days

Question 49

what is the pulse rate for a hamster

Answer 49

280-412 beats per min

Question 50

what is the rr for a hamster

Answer 50

70-80 bpm

Question 51

when do hamsters sexually mature

Answer 51

6-10wks

Question 52

describe hamster thermoregulation

Answer 52

20-24 celsius is the temperature range
they will temporary hibernate when being entered into a environmental temperature lower than 5 degrees.
they are nocturnal- 14hrs of night and 10hrs of day light

Question 53

describe the differences of the external genitalia in hamsters

Answer 53

m-
the anogential distance is longer in the male
no nipples
large external testes which are retained in the scrotum by a fat pad

f-
anogential distance is shorter
6 pairs of teats

Question 54

explain the digestion system of a hamster 6 marks

Answer 54

hamsters are omnivores
the dental formula is I1/1 C0/0 PM0/0 M3/3
hamsters have a cheek pouch which is used to transport food or bedding. the pouches extends as far back as the scapula
the hamster has a fore stomach for microbial breakdown of cellulose.
the stomach of the hamster has 2 compartments- the non glandular and the glandular which is distinguished by a muscle sphincter
again there is a ridge in between the oesophagus and the stomach so they can’t regurgitate

Question 55

what is the rr for a gerbil

Answer 55

90-140bpm

Question 56

what is the pulse rate for a gerbil

Answer 56

250-500 bpm

Question 57

when do gerbils sexually mature

Answer 57

10wks

Question 58

what is the gestation period in gerbils

Answer 58

24-26 days

Question 59

what is the rr for a mouse

Answer 59

100-250 bpm

Question 60

what is the pulse rate for a mouse

Answer 60

500-600 bpm

Question 61

when do mice sexually mature

Answer 61

6-7wks

Question 62

what is the gestation period for a mouse

Answer 62

19-21 days

Question 63

explain the skeletal characteristics for mice

Answer 63

poor sight
short round ears
long semi prehensile tail
4 toes on front feet, 5 on hind feet
female has 7 pairs of teats, males have none

Question 64

how to provide housing for a hamster (10 marks)

Answer 64

house singly due to fighting
solid walled cages made of plastic
cage should have multiple tunnels and enrichment for exploration and privacy also to allow expression of natural behaviours
provide wheels making sure they are solid to prevent trapping limbs
ideal temp of 19-23degrees
below 5-6 degrees will start hibernation
bedding should be peat, sawdust or shredded paper, not newspaper due to ink poisoning
cotton wool shouldn’t be used due to hamsters stuffing bedding in their cheeks
ceramic bowls to prevent gnawing and flipping over the bowl
drop water feeding
sand baths of fine silver sand so they can be kept clean

Question 65

what is the proper hamster nutrition 8 points

Answer 65

commercial hamster mix 18% protein for adult and 24% for nursing mother and young
provide protein by supplementing hard boiled eggs, meal worms, nuts and seeds
treats can be given such as broccoli, pear, apple or parsley but avoid any fruit or veg due to high moisture content
they hoard food so feed in small amounts
avoid seeds with husks due to damage of the mm of check pouches
coprophagia can be carried out

Question 66

how to house a gerbil and jird 11 marks

Answer 66

house singly, female pair or neutered male and female pair
if housing 2 males they will fight
should be kept with solid floored plastic or metal cages
deep litter substrate so they burrow
shavings need to be 5-10cm deep, by placing ceramic or cardboard tubes to provide enrichment and express normal behaviours
avoid peat or soil substrates due to damp
shredded paper can be used for nesting area not newspaper due to ink toxicity
keep temp at 15-21 degrees
add a sand bath of fine silver sand
can be housed in glass aquarium with multi levels with metal mesh lid for ventilation

Question 67

how to provide nutrition to a gerbil and a jird

Answer 67

they are omnivores
hiding food in cage litter allows expressing normal behaviours of foraging and prevents boredom
they need 16% protein and 5% fat
feed gerbil specific food
provide extra protein by seeds, nuts, hard boiled eggs or mealworms
a small amount of fruit and veg can be given
fresh water feeder checked daily

Question 68

how to house a ferret 12 marks

Answer 68

house in pairs or groups
males should be castrated due to fighting and prevent breeding and reduce urine odour
can be housed outdoors but a wooden enclosure will soak in urine and make it smell
a steel bottomed with wire mesh above is suitable for indoors
mesh should be no more than 2.5cm square to prevent escape
larger the space the better
should provide vertical space by adding a shelf and raised sleeping quarters
substrate can be wood shavings, newspapers, shredded papers, hay or straw
a nest box 25% of the area should be lined with towelling of similar material
provide hard plastic tubing to explore and hide in
rubber toys are unsuitable but hard toys and dog chews are desirable
optimal temp of 15-21degrees as they can stand colder temps

Question 69

how to provide nutrition to a ferret

Answer 69

ferrets are carnivores
their diet can only have 5% or less fibre as their digestion isn’t designed for fibre
they need a high protein and high fat diet
an all meat diet is unsuitable as they require calcium phosphate 1:1
feed a commercial ferret food or cat food
never give chocolate or sweets as they will eat it
feed 2 minimum daily

Question 70

what factors need to be considered when transporting small mammals

Answer 70

escape proof
gnaw proof
box or cage should be larger enough for the animal to turn around but easy enough to catch the animal
provide a hiding spot
cover the cage with a blanket to prevent visual over stimulation
make sure temperatures are under control to prevent hypo/hyperthermia
absorbent material (kitchen paper) to absorb urine
cage should be clean of excess urine and faeces