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EXO - Reptiles > Exo - Reptiles > Flashcards

Exo - Reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

turtles and tortoises fall under what category?

A

Chelonia

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2
Q

snakes and lizards fall under what category?

A

Squamata

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3
Q

how much slower is the reptiles’ metabolism compared to a mammal of similar size?

A

~1/5 - 1/7 the MR

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4
Q

ambushers are what type of feeder?

A

sit and wait

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5
Q

foragers are what type of feeder?

A

seek and hunt

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6
Q

how do ambushers conserve energy?

A

by shutting down their GI tract in the months between feeds (MR increases after feeding to aid in digestion)

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7
Q

when does a reptile switch to anaerobic metabolism?

A

diving
sprinting
chasing prey
escaping predation

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8
Q

what happens to stored glycogen during anaerobic exercise?

A

it is quickly broken down into lactate

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9
Q

what is significant about lactate for reptiles?

A

it is slow to be eliminated which is why they quickly become fatigued

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10
Q

how do reptiles thermoregulate?

A

they are ectothermic

  • need external heat sources
  • they have poor insulation due to lack of fat and fur
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11
Q

what is one advantage and one disadvantage of being ectothermic?

A

advantage: don’t waste resources maintaining body temperature
disadvantage: limited by environment

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12
Q

what are two ways reptiles derive heat?

A

heliothermy - basking in the sun (radiant heat)
thigmothermy - conduction with hot surfaces (stand on toes to reduce heat conduction, common in nocturnal or forest dwelling species)

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13
Q

what does the chelonians’ large shell help do?

A

maximize heat retention

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14
Q

how can desert species lose heat when they can’t find shade?

A
  • hypersalivation

- urinating on their legs and plastron

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15
Q

how do most reptiles dissipate heat?

A

gular fluttering

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16
Q

what is the general preferred temperature range for reptiles?

A

20 - 38° C

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17
Q

what are some factors that play a role in hibernation?

A

major one: environmental temperature

also: photoperiod, reproduction, food supply, species

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18
Q

what are two reasons reptiles need ultraviolet light?

A
  • behaviour

- vitamin D3 metabolism

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19
Q

what does UVA do?

A
  • affects behaviour and well-being

- helps trigger reproduction

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20
Q

what is UVB necessary for?

A

-calcium metabolism

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21
Q

what 2 diseases can inadequate light lead to?

A
  • metabolic bone disease

- nutritional osteodystrophies

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22
Q

reptile skin is aglandular… what does this mean?

A

not slimy

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23
Q

what is the normal shedding process called?

A

Ecdysis

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24
Q

retaining shed is an example of an abnormal shedding process… what would this be called?

A

Dysecdysis

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25
Q

how long does a shedding take?

A

approx 14 days

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26
Q

what are 3 characteristics of reptile skin?

A
  • multiple layers of keratin and a lipid layer for prevention of water loss
  • healing takes a long time!
  • susceptible to thermal burns because skin has decreased sensitivity
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27
Q

why is a snake’s dorsum always flattened?

A

to aid in locomotion

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28
Q

what are single, central scales called?

A

gastropeges

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29
Q

what are the scales caudal to the vent called?

A

subcaudal scales

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30
Q

what is cool about arboreal snakes?

A

they have a prehensile tail (can grab things)

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31
Q

what are 2 characteristics of the reptile skull?

A
  • kinetic, lack of ossification and elastic cartilage allows more movement
  • heavily ossified brain case
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32
Q

what species of reptile does not have teeth?

A

Chelonidae spp

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33
Q

which species have acrodont teeth formation?

A

some lizards, chameleons and water dragons

34
Q

which species have pleurodont teeth formation?

A

snakes and some lizards, iguanas

35
Q

what species have thecodont teeth formation?

A

crocodiles

36
Q

how many presacral vertebrae are in lizards? chelonia? snakes?

A
  • 24 in lizards
  • 18 in chelonia
  • 200-400 in snakes
37
Q

what 3 parts make up the chelonian shell?

A
  • carapace (dorsal)
  • bridge
  • plastron (ventral)
38
Q

what are osteoderms and what are they covered in?

A
  • bony deposits that make up the shell

- covered in horny scutes on the outer layer

39
Q

where are the scutes formed from and what are they equivalent to?

A
  • from the epidermis

- equivalent to the scales of reptilian skin

40
Q

what makes up the reptile heart? even better… what are the subchambers?

A

3 chambered heart
2 atria
1 ventricle
-which is divided into cavum venosum, cavum arteriosum, and cavum pumonale

41
Q

what is the result of the reptiles’ rapid right to left cardiac shunt? why is it problematic?

A
  • avoids cooling, conserves oxygen during times of depletion

- problematic when trying to mask for anesthesia

42
Q

what is unique about the reptiles’ lymphatic system?

A
  • more highly developed than the venous system but don’t actually have lymph nodes
  • have vast plexiform lymphatic networks and large dilated resevoirs
43
Q

what is lymphdilution and why do we need to be aware of it?

A
  • common contaminant of lymph fluid in blood samples

- will affect the PCV and WCC

44
Q

what are 4 characteristics of a reptile’s respiratory tract?

A
  • lining has mucociliary apparatus (hard to clear exudates from lungs)
  • large lung capacity, are chambered
  • no air sacs
  • no diaphragm
45
Q

what are the three steps of triphasic breathing?

A
  • inspiration
  • expiration
  • rest
46
Q

T/F aquatic species can take a breath under water

A

False - they can only take a breath when their head is above water

47
Q

T/F chelonians can not actively take a respiration when retracted into their shell

A

True

48
Q

T/F snakes use the same muscle groups for respiration and locomotion so they can do both at the same time

A

False - they do use the same muscle group for both but can only do one at a time

49
Q

reptiles have a larger ______ and ______ than herbivores

A

colon, cecum

50
Q

reptiles digestive tract is much ______ than that of birds and mammals

A

shorter

51
Q

what 2 things do oral secretory glands do?

A
  • lubricate prey

- modified into venom glands in certain species

52
Q

what affect can low temperatures have on the GI tract?

A

putrefaction and maldigestion

53
Q

what 3 things does hydrochloric acid help with?

A
  • prevent putrefaction
  • kills live prey
  • aids digestion (by decalcifying bone)
54
Q

what is the main bile pigment called?

A

biliverdin

55
Q

what are 5 methods of water conservation in reptiles?

A
  • produce uric acid
  • cloacal resorption
  • decrease in GFR
  • salt glands
  • renal portal system
56
Q

what do reptiles lack that means they can’t concentrate urine very well?

A

Loop of Henle

57
Q

what is gout, what causes it, and where will you generally see it?

A
  • disease of uric acid systemically circulating in system - VERY PAINFUL
  • improper hydration status and sub optimal husbandry
  • looks like white, opaque deposits in visceral organs and joints
58
Q

what do the salt glands do?

A

-excrete potassium and sodium to conserve water

59
Q

what are the 3 chambers of the cloaca?

A
  • coprodeum (first chamber)
  • urodeum (second)
  • proctodeum (third)
60
Q

what do the spurs on squamata reptiles do and where are they located?

A
  • used during courtship and mating, also combat between males in some species
  • on either side of the vent (snakes lack a pelvic girdle)
61
Q

T/F some lizards self amputate their own tail and it can regrow

A

True - it is a defense mechanism against predators and it will regenerate but not look the same

62
Q

what are 4 ways to differentiate males and females?

A
  • males have longer tails than females
  • males tend to have a broader tail base (due to hemipenes)
  • probe extends 6-10 subcaudal scales on males, 2-3 on females
  • gently squeeze the tail to see if you can evert hemipenes
63
Q

what are 4 ways to differentiate male and female lizards?

A
  • males are more brightly coloured and possess crests, throat fans, etc.
  • male iguanas have taller dorsal spines and larger dewlaps
  • male chameleons have elaborate horns, crests, and plates on their heads
  • femoral or pre-cloacal pores are more prominent in male chameleons and bearded dragons
64
Q

what is unique about female snakes reproductively?

A

they have sperm storage - can use years later

65
Q

what does it mean to be oviparous?

A

egg producing species, eggs hatch into young, most reptiles

66
Q

what does it mean to be viviparous?

A

mother produces love young, ~1/5 reptiles

67
Q

how do most reptiles hear?

A

tympanic membrane

68
Q

how do snakes hear?

A

picking up sensitive vibrations via the quadrate bone

69
Q

what is the most developed sense in many reptiles?

A

olfaction

70
Q

what is the vomeronasal organ also called and what is it? and what does all of that mean?

A
  • aka Jacobson’s organ
  • located in the roof of the mouth, highly sensitive, innervated by a branch of olfactory nerve
  • the tongue is used for both taste and smell
71
Q

what are 8 common presenting complaints for reptile emergencies?

A
  • adr/lethargy
  • limited mobility
  • skin disease
  • trauma
  • tremors
  • dyspnea
  • ocular disease
  • constipation/obstipation
72
Q

what is the most common underlying cause of illness for reptiles?

A

poor husbandry

73
Q

where should you place a doppler on a tortoise? a snake? lizards?

A

tortoise - between head/neck and forelimb, listen for over 2 minutes
snakes - over the heart (near the end of the cranial 1/3 of the body)
lizards - axilla (esp. large lizards) or between forelimbs on ventrum
*more developed lizards ie. monitors, heart might be more caudally located

74
Q

what are 4 steps to take in a reptile emergency?

A
  • place in warm incubator if possible
  • place entire cage in oxygen short term if in resp. distrss
  • give midazolam 1mg/kg intranasally or IM if seizing
  • check for HR with doppler if obtunded
75
Q

why is it easy to intubate a reptile?

A

they lack an epiglottis

76
Q

remember how birds present with dyspnea? what about snakes?

A

🐦 tail bobbing

🐍 neck stretched up

77
Q

what are the 4 biotypes in reptiles?

A
  • tropical
  • desert
  • temperate
  • aquatic
78
Q

what is the preferred optimum temperature range for the cool area for most species is? what about the hot area?

A

❄ 20-25°C

🔥 35-40°C

79
Q

what are two factors important to the air for reptiles?

A

humidity and ventilation (hard in Canada!)

80
Q

what key vitamin from UVB helps reptiles absorb calcium?

A

vitamin D3

EXO - Reptiles (1 decks)

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