ExMockup

Question 1

What is latent tuberculosis?

Answer 1

Latent tuberculosis occurs when a person is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis but does not show symptoms and is not contagious.

Question 2

Why does latent tuberculosis represent a public health problem?

Answer 2

Latent TB serves as a reservoir for future cases and can reactivate, posing challenges for disease elimination.

Question 3

What is an example of a genotyping method suited for short-time or local epidemiology?

Answer 3

Multi-locus Sequence Typing (MLST).

Question 4

What is the principle of Multi-locus Sequence Typing (MLST)?

Answer 4

MLST sequences internal fragments of multiple housekeeping genes to distinguish closely related strains.

Question 5

What is an example of a genotyping method suited for long-term or global epidemiology?

Answer 5

Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS).

Question 6

What is the principle of Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS)?

Answer 6

WGS analyzes the entire genome of a pathogen for evolutionary and global epidemiological studies.

Question 7

What is single-molecule sequencing?

Answer 7

A method that reads DNA or RNA directly without amplification.

Question 8

What are advantages of single-molecule sequencing?

Answer 8

It generates long reads and enables direct RNA sequencing with modification analysis.

Question 9

What are disadvantages of single-molecule sequencing?

Answer 9

It has lower accuracy than short-read methods and is expensive.

Question 10

What is the core genome?

Answer 10

The set of genes shared by all strains of a species.

Question 11

What is the accessory genome?

Answer 11

Genes present in some but not all strains, often related to adaptation.

Question 12

What is the pangenome?

Answer 12

The total set of genes in all strains of a species, including core and accessory genomes.

Question 13

What is reference-based assembly?

Answer 13

It aligns sequencing reads to a known reference genome.

Question 14

What are advantages of reference-based assembly?

Answer 14

It is faster and less computationally intensive.

Question 15

What are limitations of reference-based assembly?

Answer 15

It depends on the quality of the reference and may miss novel sequences.

Question 16

What is de novo assembly?

Answer 16

A method that assembles reads without a reference, creating a genome from scratch.

Question 17

What are advantages of de novo assembly?

Answer 17

It can detect novel or highly divergent sequences.

Question 18

What are limitations of de novo assembly?

Answer 18

It is computationally intensive and struggles with repetitive regions.

Question 19

How does Streptococcus agalactiae cause severe infections in newborns?

Answer 19

It colonizes the maternal vaginal tract and can infect newborns during birth, causing sepsis, pneumonia, or meningitis.

Question 20

What are strategies to prevent group B streptococcal infections in newborns?

Answer 20

Screening pregnant women and providing antibiotics during labor if positive.

Question 21

What are consequences of multi-resistant bacteria for health care?

Answer 21

Increased mortality, longer hospital stays, higher costs, and the need for new treatments.

Question 22

What are causes of increasing antimicrobial resistance?

Answer 22

Overuse of antibiotics, poor infection control, global travel, and lack of rapid diagnostics.

Question 23

What is endemic?

Answer 23

A disease consistently present in a specific geographic area or population.

Question 24

What is an example of an endemic disease?

Answer 24

Malaria in certain parts of Africa.

Question 25

What is an epidemic?

Answer 25

An outbreak affecting a large number of people in a specific region.

Question 26

What is an example of an epidemic?

Answer 26

The Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2014.

Question 27

What is a pandemic?

Answer 27

An epidemic spreading across countries or continents, affecting many globally.

Question 28

What is an example of a pandemic?

Answer 28

The COVID-19 pandemic.