EXIT QUIZS Flashcards
In a community that is regulated from the bottom up, the abundance of plants is regulated primarily by ________________. Still, when it is regulated from the top down the effect of herbivory is _______________.
the availability of resources, intense
Why did the average size of the medium ground finches on Daphne major increase in size during the 1976 drought but decrease in size in ~2005?
Selection favoured larger beaks in the 1976 drought as they were better able to acquire large, hard seeds. In the 2005 drought, the presence of large ground finches out-competed the large-billed medium ground finches for these seeds, resulting in the greater success of smaller-beaked medium ground finches.
Which of the following is a FALSE STATEMENT about how the presence of a predator may affect species richness
The removal of a predator always leads to a greater number of species in a community
Which of the following indices of communities does NOT incorporate information on the relative abundance of the species in that community?
Species Richness
Which of the following is a consequence of charcter displacement?
The co-existance of sympatic species.
According to the facilitation hypothesis, what is the BEST explanation for why early colonizing species disappear from the community?
Their modification of the environment makes it less suitable for their continued survival, and more suitable for other, later-arriving species
A species experiences prolonged directional selection, resulting in the evolution of larger body size. What other changes to that species’ life history traits are likely to accompany this change in body size?
Longer generation time and smaller brood sizes
The age structure diagram of a population experiencing exponential growth will be ________; one that is >K will have a diagram that is _________
wider at the base; narrower at the base
A short generation time….
A. is typical of a r-selected species
B. is usually seen in small-bodied species
C. is typical seen in species with small rMAX values
A & B
In a mark-recapture study, an initial sample of 50 fish is captured, marked and re-released into a population, whose size is unknown.
Later, in a sample of 200 fish, 5 of the marked individuals is recovered.
Based on this data, what would you estimate the population size to be?
2000 fish
At what point in time is the rate of growth in a population experiencing logistic growth (LG) approximately the same as one experiencing exponential growth (EG)?
When the LG and EG populations are small
In a large (N=K), well-established population subject to logistic growth, a sudden decrease in the carrying capacity of the environment will lead to….
… a period of negative population growth, with the per capita population growth rate approaching 0 as the population size approaches the new carrying capacity.
High rates of survivorship in adults should favour the evolution of which life history strategies?
Production of few offspring needing much parental care
A species of plant grows in an environment where resources in the soil (i.e. nutrients, water) are extremenly rare, and are unevenly distributed across the landscape. Which of the following distribution is most likely for this species.
clumped distribution
What term best describes the relationship between auxin and ethylene?
antagonists
Which hormones would you expect to see in higher concentrations in plants during the late Summer & early Fall?
Ethylene and ABA
In the case of Walter & Paterson’s experiments, inducing a SAR response in parents had what effect(s) on their offspring?
Offspring were better prepared to withstand an a potential infection, compared to the control plants’ offspring.
The production of ________ in the tips of stems promotes ________ at the expense of _________, a phenomenon known as __________.
Question options:
auxin
axial growth
lateral growth
apical dominance
How does auxin mediate the gravitropic response of roots & shoots?
Auxin accumulates on the downwards-facing side of the stems and the roots. In the shoots, the increased auxin promotes greater cell-elongation, causing the tip of the stem to bend upwards. In the roots, the increased auxin inhibits cell-elongation, causing the tip of the root to bend downwards.
he left side of the phylogeny below depicts the cultivars of Brassical rapa (while the right side is our old friend and B. oleracea).
In both groups, there is a cultivar called cabbage. What is the most likely reason for their similarity?
Selection for the same traits by domesticators led to similar phenotypes over time
Treating a plant stem with a “mystery” plant hormone results in increased cellular division and elongation compared to a control plant stem. What kind of plant hormone is being used?
Auxin
In the case of diplostigmaty, what did the experimental removal of the apical stigma reveal about reproduction in Sebea aurea (see Fig 2 in the Kissling & Barrett paper)?
That the basal stigma is functional, and that this species is self-compatible.
What kind of fruit typically develops from a single flower that has a single carpel?
Simple fruits
What is a benefit of self-incompatability?
Offspring are potentially more genetically diverse
A seed undergoes “imbibition” because the inside of the seed has a ____ water potential compared to the water around it, and water molecules ______.
lower move into the seed’s cells
What kind of germination results in the cotyledons being pushed out of the ground?
Epigeal germination
Which of the following is a potential downside of vegetative reproduction?
There is decreased genetic diversity in the population as a result of vegetative reproduction
In angiosperms, which two cells of the embryo sac are fertilized by the two sperm cells?
The egg and the central cell.
Herkogamy reduces the chance of self-pollination by changing the _________ of the stigma and the anthers, while dichogamy changes the ______ of the stigma and the anthers.
physical location
timing of maturation
In the diagram below, what part of the flower is indicated by the number 11?
The sepals, the non-fertile whorl of the flower.
Which term best describes a solution that contains a lower concentration of dissolved solutes than is found inside a cell?
Hypotonic
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis is found in over 400 genera vascular plants scattered across 36 families. Different groups employ different enzymes to catalyze malate decarboxylation. In such cases of convergent evolution, CAM photosynthesis can be thought of as…
homoplasious
In the process of cation exchange, plants are able to liberate __________ that are bound to the surface of clay particles by actively transporting ___________ out of their hairs into the surrounding soil.
Positively-charged ions; CO2 and H+
Which of the following best describes the plasma membrane of plant cells?
Selectively permeable
What is the driving force for water and solute movement through the phloen?
A positive pressure generated at the source by the loading of sugars by the companion cells into the sieve cells
How do the soils of a typical coniferous forests compare to those of a typical deciduous forest?
a - The coniferous forests experience more leaching
When molecules move via active transportation there is a net movement from areas of ______ concentration to areas of _______ concentration, while molecules moving via passive transportation (such as by diffusion) move ______ their concentration gradient.
high low against
Which ONE of the following FIVE options is NOT a potential consequence of extensive acid rain?
An increase in the rate of nitrification in the soil
Why should you cut the stems of your store-bought flowers before placing them in a vase of water if you want to prevent them from wilting?
To prevent air bubbles from forming in the xylem, which would disrupt the water tension
What explains the similarity in purpose of the leafy jaws of Dionaea muscipula and the pitcher structure of Nepenthes lowii?
Similar selective pressure from their environment
Which of the following functions a property of BOTH roots and stems?
Transporation of nutrients
Plants grow throughout their entire lives because of ______ that continues to divide.
meristem tissue
What kind of phylogenetic tree is depicted below?
A rooted, scaled tree
Which of the following groups is NOT a monophyletic group?
Charophyta
From the perspective the common ancestor of the primates, rodents and rabbits, crocodiles and birds, in this phylogenetic tree the Amniotic egg is a _________ trait, while a bony skeleton is a ________ trait.
derived; ancestral
The group “Reptilia” has been traditionally defined as including the turtles, lizards, snakes, and crocodiles (but not birds). What kind of phylogenetic grouping is this?
A paraphyletic group
Which group(s) is most closely related to the Amphibians?
Crocodiles, Birds, Primates & Rodents/Rabbits (equally)
According to the phylogenetic tree depicted below, which is the “most advanced”?
All are equally “advanced”
In the figure below are the seven possible phylognetic trees that represent the evolution of land plants. In which tree(s) are the brypothytes
A
In the figure below are the seven possible phylognetic trees that represent the evolution of land plants. I have superimposed circles to represent the theoretical necessary location of derived character states, to account for the appearance of these different lineages. Given the information provided, which of these tree(s) is(are) the most likely to be the correct representation of evolutionary history?
The plot contains derived character traits, with solid blue indicating the evolution of lignin, solid green indicating the appearance of the stomata, and (in some cases) the empty green circle indicating the loss of stomata.
E, F, & G
