Exercise Science test 2 Flashcards
What is exercise physiology?
Study of the functional and physiologic responses and
adaptations that occur during and following physical
activity and exercise
Exercise Physiology is concerned with ?
how the systems individually and
collectively respond to acute and chronic bouts of
physical activity and exercise
What led to the development of exercise physiology?
Funding for health-related research, and education programs by NIH
What are Acute Responses?
Changes in the systems of the body that occur in response to a
a single bout of physical activity or exercise.
Systems of the body control the body’s internal environment and
response to increased challenges to homeostasis
Acute responses in the cardiovascular system
Increases in heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, blood pressure, and a redirection of blood flow to the working tissues of the body.
Acute responses in the pulmonary system
Increases in air movement into and out of the lungs and increased blood flor through the lungs
Acute responses in the muscular system
Increases in force production, utilization, and production of energy and heat production
Acute responses in the endocrine system
Increases in the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
What are chronic adaptations?
Changes in the systems of the body that occur in response to
repeated regular physical activity and exercise
Chronic adaptations in exercise work to ?
improve functions of the body while
at rest and during exercise
Chronic adaptations depend on
the type and amount of exercise
Chronic adaptations in the cardiovascular system
Increases in stroke volume and cardiac output and decreases in heart rate at the same absolute workload
Chronic adaptations in pulmonary system
Improved air movement into and out of the lungs and increased blood flow through the lungs at the same absolute workload
Chronic adaptations on muscular system
Increased energy production from fat and decreased lactic acid formation at the same absolute workload
Chronic adaptations in endocrine system
Decreased release of epinephrine and norepinephrine at the same absolute workload
Examples of acute adapatations
Muscle soreness and fatigue
Examples of chronic adapatations
Muscle development and increased endurance
What factors affect substrate metabolism?
▪Role of enzymes and hormones
▪ Interaction of fat and carbohydrate utilization
▪ Effects of intensity and duration
What are substrates?
energy source for the cells of the body
What is the crossover point?
when the body receives more of its energy from carbohydrate
rather than fat
What is hypoglycemia?
abnormally low blood glucose levels
Review crossover point image in
Powerpoint
What is insulin? Where is it secreted from?
Insulin is a hormone secreted from pancreatic B (beta) cells. It acts to control elevated plasma glucose. So if insulin is secreted high blood glucose will be regulated.
What is glucagon? Where is it secreted from?
Glucagon is a hormone secreted from pancreatic A (alpha) cells. It acts to control low plasma glucose. So if glucagon is secreted low blood glucose levels will be regulated.
The body closely regulates what?
Body closely regulates energy utilization during physical activity
and exercise
The movement of glucose from the blood into the cell depends on ?
the glucose transport protein
What is diabetes type 1?
an immune-mediated disease is characterized by β cell destruction
that usually leads to absolute insulin deficiency. Autoimmune destruction of B cells.
Paitents with Diabetes type 1 are?
rarely obese, but obesity is possible
What is the treatment of Diabetes type 1?
Requires injections of insulin administered subcutaneously, or an
insulin pump
What is Diabetes Type 2?
insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency and can progress to an insulin secretory defect with insulin resistance. The body can create insulin but it can not be processed at a sufficient rate.
What is insulin resistance?
a decreased ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake
and storage and to suppress hepatic glucose production
Most patients with type II diabetes are
obese and or have central obesity
What is insulin shock?
acute hypoglycemia usually resulting from an excessive insulin and characterized
by sweating, trembling, dizziness , and, if left untreated, convulsions and coma.
GLUT4 is the transport protein that enables
glucose to enter the cell.
Muscle fibers have
distinct contractile and metabolic characteristics
At rest and during low exercise intensities (< 40% of maximal aerobic capacity),
type I or slow twitch fibers are recruited predominantly
As exercise intensity increases
more type II or fast twitch fibers are recruited
More lactate formation occurs in
type II fibers
Type II fibers have higher activities of
glycolytic enzymes than do type I fibers
Training results in fibers taking on ?
taking on characteristics that help meet
the requirements of the physical activity or exercise
What is Myoplasticity?
capacity skeletal muscle has for adaptive change
What is resistance exercise?
▪Increase in the cross sectional area of the muscle (hypertrophy)
▪ Hypertrophy leads to an increase in maximum force generating capacity
▪ Mitochondrial volume density and capillary density actually decrease with a
program of high resistance training
▪ Glycolytic enzymes
What is endurance exercise?
▪ Has minimal impact on the cross-sectional area of muscle
▪ Increased mitochondrial size and density
▪ Increased oxidative enzyme concentrations
▪ Increased myoglobin concentrations
▪ Increased capillarization in muscle bed
▪ Increased O2 difference between arterial and venous blood
What are Type 1 fibers?
Slow twitch (ST)
Slow (S)
Slow, oxidative (SO)
intermediate
Tonic (postural)
What are Type IIa fibers?
Fast Twitch (FT)
fast, fatigue resistant (FR)
Fast, oxidative glycolytic (FOG)
RED
Phasic
What are type IIb fibers?
Fast Twitch (FT)
fast, fatigable (FF)
Fast, glycolytic (FG)
White
Plastic
What substrate is used in High Intesity, Short Duration?
Carbs
▪ maximum carbohydrate utilization is found at about 85% or higher
of VO2 max
What substrate is used in Low intensity, Long duration ?
Fats
▪ maximum fat utilization is found at about 33-65% of VO2 max
What happens to fats during low intensity exercise?
The lower intensity allows for fats to be broken down since they are
a much larger molecule
How does bone metabolism influence physical activity and exercise?
▪ Higher intensity mechanical loading forces that are unique, variable, and dynamic
result in changes to skeletal system and increased bone mineral density
What is Osteporosis?
▪ Characterized by loss of bone mineral density
▪ Increased risk of bone fractures
What is the Female athlete triad?
Osteoporosis
Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea
Low Energy Availability with or without an Eating disorder
Energy Balance and weight maintenance is critical?
▪Critical for promoting overall good health and optimizing performance in certain sports and athletic competitions
▪ Body weight control can be described using the energy balance equation
What is energy balance?
Energy intake = Energy expenditure = Stable body weight
What is positive energy balance?
Energy intake > Energy expenditure = Increase in body weight
What is negative energy balance?
Energy intake < Energy expenditure = Decrease in body weight
What is the hormone Leptin?
▪ Found primarily in adipose tissue
▪ Suppresses appetite when caloric intake reaches ideal fat stores
▪ With a gene defective for leptin production or leptin sensitivity the
brain inadequately assess the body’s adipose tissue status
▪ Essentially the urge to eat is continued
What is Ghrelin?
▪ Increases hunger
▪ Decreases the breakdown of fat and increases gastric motility and acid production
What is the major stimuli to ghrelin?
are fasting and a low calorie diet
▪ Fasting or a low calorie diet leads to an increase in ghrelin
▪ This stimulates hunger and if food is available, food intake
▪ The food intake subsequently decreases ghrelin
What is clinical Exercise Physiology?
- Uses physical activity and exercise to prevent or delay the onset of chronic
disease in healthy individuals - Provides therapeutic or functional benefits to individuals with disease conditions
or physical disabilities - Requires an understanding of how the body responds to acute and chronic
physical activity and exercise in both healthy and diseased conditions
What are the duties and responsibilities of a clinical exercise physiologist?
- Must understand the normal physiologic responses of the body to acute and
chronic physical activity and exercise - Necessary for prevention, management, or rehabilitation of disease
- Must understand how different diseases and medical management of disease
conditions affect the physiologic responses during rest and exercise
What do exercise physiologists do with a patient?
- Conducting pre-exercise screening
- Performing exercise testing and evaluation
- Developing exercise prescriptions
- Instructing individuals in proper training techniques
- Supervising exercise programs in various settings
Why is exercise testing and evaluation used?
- Used to clear individuals for safe participation in physical activity and exercise
- Serves as a basis for developing exercise prescriptions
What type of testing helps assess the presence of cardiovascular or pulmonary disease?
Diagnostic Testing
Who is the only professional who can provide a medical diagnosis of disease?
A Medical doctor
What is functional capacity?
helps assess an individual’s capacity to participate in physical
activity and exercise
If a patient who exercises regularly presents signs of CV disease, Do they need medical clearance to continue exercise?
Yes, anyone with signs of symptoms needs medical clearance
What are submaximal graded exercise tests?
- Elicits an intensity between 70% and 85% of the age predicted maximal HR
- Can be used to estimate maximal fitness levels
- Can be easier to administer, less costly, and safer than a maximal GXT
- In some settings VO2 estimate is sufficient for approving exercise participation and
individualized exercise prescription
What is maximal graded exercise tests?
- Continued to the point of exhaustion or point at which abnormal
physiologic responses occur (also called symptom-limited stress test) - Important to take individuals to maximal effort
- Many abnormal signs/symptoms do not manifest at lower intensities
- Major concern is level of stress placed on participants
- Increase risk for abnormal cardiovascular event
What are the 5 factors used to determine Health-Related Physical Fitness?
Body Composition, Cardiovascular-respiratory fitness, Muscular strength, muscular endurance, and Flexibility?
Muscular Power is
a great force production over a short period of time. IT IS NOT ONE OF THESE FACTOR
What is exercise prescription?
- Plan for physical activity and exercise
- Achieve specific outcomes – improvement in fitness, reduction in disease risk, or
weight loss - Meets the interests, goals, health needs, and clinical condition of an individual
- Based on sound principles and innovative programming
- Disease treatment: surgery, pharmacology, dietary, weight loss, exercise
What are specific disease conditions of Cardiovascular disease?
Myocardial infarction, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Cardiac arrhythmia, Valvular heart disease, Chronic heart failure, Peripheral vascular disease, and Hypertension
What is mycardial infarction?
Heart muscle deprived of oxygen (ischemia)
What is coronary artey disease?
Narrowing of vessel opening (reduces blood flow)
What is Angina pectoris?
Symptoms last usually 10-20 seconds but can last up to 30 minutes or more (reduced blood
flow by way of CAD)
What is cardiac arrhythmia?
Normal rate & rhythm are affected reducing filling of ventricles and blood to bodily tissues
What is valvular heart disease?
Reduction in cardiac output
What is chronic heart failure?
- Inability of heart to deliver adequate amounts of blood to bodily tissues
- Depressed systolic or diastolic or combination of both
What is chronic heart failure?
- Inability of heart to deliver adequate amounts of blood to bodily tissues
- Depressed systolic or diastolic or combination of both
What is Peripheral vascular disease?
- Fatty deposits build up in the inner linings of arterial walls restricting or blocking blood flow
- Mainly in arteries leading to kidneys, stomach, arms, legs, and feet increasing risk of MI or
stroke
What is hypertension?
- Abnormally high blood pressure due to increased resistance to blood flow through arterial
blood vessels
What are the types of Respiratory disease?
Obstructive pulmonary disease, Restrictive pulmonary disease, Asthma, and Cystic fibrosis
What is Obstructive pulmonary disease?
Ventilatory and gas exchange impairments
What is Restrictive pulmonary disease?
Reduced lung volume
What is asthma?
Reversible obstruction to air flow
What is cystic fibrosis?
Mucous secretions in many parts of the body become thick and viscous
What are the types of metabolic diseases?
Diabetes mellitus, Hyperlipidemia, Obesity, and MEtabolic syndrome
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Disordered metabolism and elevated blood glucose
levels
What is Hyperlipidemia?
high levels of fats. VLDL, LDL, HDL
What is obseity?
Excess amount of body fat
What is metabolic syndrome?
Clustering of metabolic risk factors
What are types of Orthopedic and neuromuscular dieseaes?
Arthritis, osteoporosis, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palasy.
What is Arthritis?
- Painful condition affecting a joint(s)
- Two most common are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
an autoimmune disease. the immune system attacking healthy body tissue and causes swelling.
What is osteporosis?
- Decreased bone mass leading to weakened bones and increased risk of fracture
- Osteopenia is when boss mass loss is significant but not as severe as osteoporosis
What is muscular dystrophy?
Describes inherited diseases that progressively waste away the skeletal
muscle
What is MS?
nerve damage disrupts communication between the brain and the body.
What is cerebral palsy?
Disability caused by brain damage before or during birth resulting in loss of
voluntary control and coordination
Clinical exercise physiology is used to
help promote health and reduce disease risk in both healthy and diseased individuals
What is athletic training?
- INVOLVES THE PREVENTION, TREATMENT, AND
REHABILITATION OF INJURIES TO PHYSICALLY ACTIVE
INDIVIDUALS AND ATHLETES
Athletic trainers work closely with?
ATHLETIC TRAINERS WORK CLOSELY WITH ALLIED HEALTH
PROFESSIONALS TO PROVIDE CARE TO ANYONE WHO MAY
HAVE AN INJURY CAUSED BY PARTICIPATION IN PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY OR EXERCISE
What is sports medicine?
- UMBRELLA TERM THAT DESCRIBES THE VARIOUS ISSUES INTERRELATED
AMONG MEDICINE, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, EXERCISE, HEALTH PROMOTION, AND
DISEASE PREVENTION
What are the primary responses of athletic trainers?
- IMMEDIATE CARE OF ATHLETIC INJURIES
- TREATMENT, REHABILITATION, AND RECONDITIONING OF INJURIES
- EXERCISE ACTIVITIES
- THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES
What are important types of Therapeutic Modalities?
Cryotherapy, Cytokinetics, Thermotherapy, and ultrasound
What is Cyrotherapy?
Cooling decreases physiologic function
What is Cyrokinetics?
cool the body to analgesia and then work to increase ROM
What is Thermotherapy?
Heating increases physiologic function
What is Ultrasound?
Deep heats tissues to increase tissue temperatures
What is RICE?
Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevate
What ligament does the lachman test evaluate?
ACL
What is Arthroscopy?
procedure for diagnosing and treating joint problems. A surgeon inserts a narrow tube attached to a fiber-optic video camera through a small incision — about the size of a buttonhole
Why are females more likely to get injured in sports?
Increased Q-angle
What is CTE?
repeated concussions throughout life that detriorates the brain
A concussion occurs when
OCCURS WHEN A SIDE-TO-SIDE OR FRONT-TO-BACK MOTION CAUSES THE BRAIN
TO BE SHAKEN WITHIN THE SKULL
The most common sport-related concussion is the brain
diffuse injury
What are the types of ROM testing?
Active, Passive and Resistive
What is active testing?
Athlete must move the body part in response to athletic trainer’s instruction
What is passive testing?
Comparison of ROM achieved by the Athlete compared to ROM achieved by trainer when muscles are relaxed
What is resistive testing?
Resistance applied by trainer as athlete moves the injured body part through normal ROM
What does SOAP mean?
Subjective, Objective, Assess, Plan
ATHLETIC TRAINING AND SPORTS MEDICINE PROFESSIONALS
ARE INVOLVED IN
THE PREVENTION, RECOGNITION, AND
TREATMENT OF INDIVIDUALS INJURED DURING PARTICIPATION
IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, EXERCISE, SPORT, AND ATHLETIC
COMPETITION
What is exercise and sport nutrition?
- Promotion of optimal intake of nutrients for tissue
maintenance, repair, and growth and for providing the
body with sufficient energy without an excess energy
intake
Optimal nutrient intake can
– Reduce the risk of disease conditions
– Enhance sport and athletic performance
Increased carbohydrate consumption prior to prolonged exercise
Maximizes muscle glycogen prior to exercise which delays glycogen depletion and fatigue
Carbohydrate and fluid ingestion during exercise
Spares muscle glycogen, maintains blood glucose concentration, maintains plasma volume and prevents dehydration and fatigue
Adequate protein intake when combined with a resistance exercise training program
Maximizes lean mass development
What are macronutrients?
Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins
What are micronutrients?
Vitamins and Minerals
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Provide energy during moderate- to high-intensity physical activity or exercise.
Function of Fats
Provide energy during low- to moderate intensity exercise
Function of proteins
An important component of skeletal muscle. Part of various compounds that regulate metabolism during rest and exercise
Function of minerals
Part of the structure of bone. Part of various compounds that regulate metabolism during rest and exercise
Function of vitamins
IMportant for controlling metabolic pathways that produce energy during rest and exercise
What is dietary Recall?
Individual reports intake over the previous 24-hour
period
What is a dietary record?
Individual records the types and amounts of foods
consumed over a time period
Decreased sodium and alcohol intake can
decrease blood pressure in hypertensive individuals
Dietary Guidlines for health
Updated every five years
– USDA Food Guide
– Dietary reference intake (DRI)
50% of our plate should be
fruits and vegetables
Carbohydrate Ubtaje
– Blood glucose and muscle glycogen provide energy
for exercise
– Important during moderate- to high-intensity
exercise
– Sufficient carbohydrate intake is necessary to
- Replenish muscle glycogen levels following training
- Create an anabolic environment that promotes
muscle repair and protein synthesis
Proteins
- Consumption of adequate amounts and types of protein
is important for ensuring the optimal performance - Probably best to consume protein in several meals
throughout the day
– amino acids are readily available to the body tissues
for continued protein synthesis - Processed protein supplements are used by athletes as
an economical and convenient source of dietary protein
Vitamin and mineral intake
Vitamins play important roles in energy production
and tissue metabolism
– Minerals are important components of metabolic
reactions in the body (e.g., energy production and
muscle contraction)
hydration status and fluid replacement
– Loss of 2% of total body water can impact
performance
– Electrolytes are lost predominately in sweat
– Reduction in electrolytes can impair performance
Ergogenic aids
– Substances that improve performance during training
or competition
– Biomechanical
– Nutritional
– Pharmacologic
– Physiologic
– Psychological
What does creatine do?
Improves energy production during high-intensity exercise. Increases body weight and lean body mass
Exercise and sport nutrition can be used to
enhance
health, reduce the risk for disease, and improve sport
and athletic performance
