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Exercise Science test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is exercise physiology?

A

Study of the functional and physiologic responses and
adaptations that occur during and following physical
activity and exercise

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2
Q

Exercise Physiology is concerned with ?

A

how the systems individually and
collectively respond to acute and chronic bouts of
physical activity and exercise

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3
Q

What led to the development of exercise physiology?

A

Funding for health-related research, and education programs by NIH

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4
Q

What are Acute Responses?

A

Changes in the systems of the body that occur in response to a
a single bout of physical activity or exercise.

Systems of the body control the body’s internal environment and
response to increased challenges to homeostasis

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5
Q

Acute responses in the cardiovascular system

A

Increases in heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, blood pressure, and a redirection of blood flow to the working tissues of the body.

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6
Q

Acute responses in the pulmonary system

A

Increases in air movement into and out of the lungs and increased blood flor through the lungs

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7
Q

Acute responses in the muscular system

A

Increases in force production, utilization, and production of energy and heat production

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8
Q

Acute responses in the endocrine system

A

Increases in the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

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9
Q

What are chronic adaptations?

A

Changes in the systems of the body that occur in response to
repeated regular physical activity and exercise

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10
Q

Chronic adaptations in exercise work to ?

A

improve functions of the body while
at rest and during exercise

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11
Q

Chronic adaptations depend on

A

the type and amount of exercise

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12
Q

Chronic adaptations in the cardiovascular system

A

Increases in stroke volume and cardiac output and decreases in heart rate at the same absolute workload

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13
Q

Chronic adaptations in pulmonary system

A

Improved air movement into and out of the lungs and increased blood flow through the lungs at the same absolute workload

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14
Q

Chronic adaptations on muscular system

A

Increased energy production from fat and decreased lactic acid formation at the same absolute workload

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15
Q

Chronic adaptations in endocrine system

A

Decreased release of epinephrine and norepinephrine at the same absolute workload

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16
Q

Examples of acute adapatations

A

Muscle soreness and fatigue

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17
Q

Examples of chronic adapatations

A

Muscle development and increased endurance

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18
Q

What factors affect substrate metabolism?

A

▪Role of enzymes and hormones
▪ Interaction of fat and carbohydrate utilization
▪ Effects of intensity and duration

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19
Q

What are substrates?

A

energy source for the cells of the body

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20
Q

What is the crossover point?

A

when the body receives more of its energy from carbohydrate
rather than fat

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21
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

abnormally low blood glucose levels

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22
Q

Review crossover point image in

A

Powerpoint

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23
Q

What is insulin? Where is it secreted from?

A

Insulin is a hormone secreted from pancreatic B (beta) cells. It acts to control elevated plasma glucose. So if insulin is secreted high blood glucose will be regulated.

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24
Q

What is glucagon? Where is it secreted from?

A

Glucagon is a hormone secreted from pancreatic A (alpha) cells. It acts to control low plasma glucose. So if glucagon is secreted low blood glucose levels will be regulated.

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25
Q

The body closely regulates what?

A

Body closely regulates energy utilization during physical activity
and exercise

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26
Q

The movement of glucose from the blood into the cell depends on ?

A

the glucose transport protein

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27
Q

What is diabetes type 1?

A

an immune-mediated disease is characterized by β cell destruction
that usually leads to absolute insulin deficiency. Autoimmune destruction of B cells.

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28
Q

Paitents with Diabetes type 1 are?

A

rarely obese, but obesity is possible

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29
Q

What is the treatment of Diabetes type 1?

A

Requires injections of insulin administered subcutaneously, or an
insulin pump

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30
Q

What is Diabetes Type 2?

A

insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency and can progress to an insulin secretory defect with insulin resistance. The body can create insulin but it can not be processed at a sufficient rate.

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31
Q

What is insulin resistance?

A

a decreased ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake
and storage and to suppress hepatic glucose production

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32
Q

Most patients with type II diabetes are

A

obese and or have central obesity

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33
Q

What is insulin shock?

A

acute hypoglycemia usually resulting from an excessive insulin and characterized
by sweating, trembling, dizziness , and, if left untreated, convulsions and coma.

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34
Q

GLUT4 is the transport protein that enables

A

glucose to enter the cell.

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35
Q

Muscle fibers have

A

distinct contractile and metabolic characteristics

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36
Q

At rest and during low exercise intensities (< 40% of maximal aerobic capacity),

A

type I or slow twitch fibers are recruited predominantly

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37
Q

As exercise intensity increases

A

more type II or fast twitch fibers are recruited

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38
Q

More lactate formation occurs in

A

type II fibers

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39
Q

Type II fibers have higher activities of

A

glycolytic enzymes than do type I fibers

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40
Q

Training results in fibers taking on ?

A

taking on characteristics that help meet
the requirements of the physical activity or exercise

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41
Q

What is Myoplasticity?

A

capacity skeletal muscle has for adaptive change

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42
Q

What is resistance exercise?

A

▪Increase in the cross sectional area of the muscle (hypertrophy)
▪ Hypertrophy leads to an increase in maximum force generating capacity
▪ Mitochondrial volume density and capillary density actually decrease with a
program of high resistance training
▪ Glycolytic enzymes

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43
Q

What is endurance exercise?

A

▪ Has minimal impact on the cross-sectional area of muscle
▪ Increased mitochondrial size and density
▪ Increased oxidative enzyme concentrations
▪ Increased myoglobin concentrations
▪ Increased capillarization in muscle bed
▪ Increased O2 difference between arterial and venous blood

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44
Q

What are Type 1 fibers?

A

Slow twitch (ST)
Slow (S)
Slow, oxidative (SO)
intermediate
Tonic (postural)

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45
Q

What are Type IIa fibers?

A

Fast Twitch (FT)
fast, fatigue resistant (FR)
Fast, oxidative glycolytic (FOG)
RED
Phasic

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46
Q

What are type IIb fibers?

A

Fast Twitch (FT)
fast, fatigable (FF)
Fast, glycolytic (FG)
White
Plastic

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47
Q

What substrate is used in High Intesity, Short Duration?

A

Carbs

▪ maximum carbohydrate utilization is found at about 85% or higher
of VO2 max

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48
Q

What substrate is used in Low intensity, Long duration ?

A

Fats

▪ maximum fat utilization is found at about 33-65% of VO2 max

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49
Q

What happens to fats during low intensity exercise?

A

The lower intensity allows for fats to be broken down since they are
a much larger molecule

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50
Q

How does bone metabolism influence physical activity and exercise?

A

▪ Higher intensity mechanical loading forces that are unique, variable, and dynamic
result in changes to skeletal system and increased bone mineral density

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51
Q

What is Osteporosis?

A

▪ Characterized by loss of bone mineral density
▪ Increased risk of bone fractures

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52
Q

What is the Female athlete triad?

A

Osteoporosis

Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea

Low Energy Availability with or without an Eating disorder

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53
Q

Energy Balance and weight maintenance is critical?

A

▪Critical for promoting overall good health and optimizing performance in certain sports and athletic competitions

▪ Body weight control can be described using the energy balance equation

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54
Q

What is energy balance?

A

Energy intake = Energy expenditure = Stable body weight

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55
Q

What is positive energy balance?

A

Energy intake > Energy expenditure = Increase in body weight

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56
Q

What is negative energy balance?

A

Energy intake < Energy expenditure = Decrease in body weight

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57
Q

What is the hormone Leptin?

A

▪ Found primarily in adipose tissue

▪ Suppresses appetite when caloric intake reaches ideal fat stores

▪ With a gene defective for leptin production or leptin sensitivity the
brain inadequately assess the body’s adipose tissue status

▪ Essentially the urge to eat is continued

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58
Q

What is Ghrelin?

A

▪ Increases hunger

▪ Decreases the breakdown of fat and increases gastric motility and acid production

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59
Q

What is the major stimuli to ghrelin?

A

are fasting and a low calorie diet

▪ Fasting or a low calorie diet leads to an increase in ghrelin
▪ This stimulates hunger and if food is available, food intake
▪ The food intake subsequently decreases ghrelin

60
Q

What is clinical Exercise Physiology?

A
  • Uses physical activity and exercise to prevent or delay the onset of chronic
    disease in healthy individuals
  • Provides therapeutic or functional benefits to individuals with disease conditions
    or physical disabilities
  • Requires an understanding of how the body responds to acute and chronic
    physical activity and exercise in both healthy and diseased conditions
61
Q

What are the duties and responsibilities of a clinical exercise physiologist?

A
  • Must understand the normal physiologic responses of the body to acute and
    chronic physical activity and exercise
  • Necessary for prevention, management, or rehabilitation of disease
  • Must understand how different diseases and medical management of disease
    conditions affect the physiologic responses during rest and exercise
62
Q

What do exercise physiologists do with a patient?

A
  • Conducting pre-exercise screening
  • Performing exercise testing and evaluation
  • Developing exercise prescriptions
  • Instructing individuals in proper training techniques
  • Supervising exercise programs in various settings
63
Q

Why is exercise testing and evaluation used?

A
  • Used to clear individuals for safe participation in physical activity and exercise
  • Serves as a basis for developing exercise prescriptions
64
Q

What type of testing helps assess the presence of cardiovascular or pulmonary disease?

A

Diagnostic Testing

65
Q

Who is the only professional who can provide a medical diagnosis of disease?

A

A Medical doctor

66
Q

What is functional capacity?

A

helps assess an individual’s capacity to participate in physical
activity and exercise

67
Q

If a patient who exercises regularly presents signs of CV disease, Do they need medical clearance to continue exercise?

A

Yes, anyone with signs of symptoms needs medical clearance

68
Q

What are submaximal graded exercise tests?

A
  • Elicits an intensity between 70% and 85% of the age predicted maximal HR
  • Can be used to estimate maximal fitness levels
  • Can be easier to administer, less costly, and safer than a maximal GXT
  • In some settings VO2 estimate is sufficient for approving exercise participation and
    individualized exercise prescription
69
Q

What is maximal graded exercise tests?

A
  • Continued to the point of exhaustion or point at which abnormal
    physiologic responses occur (also called symptom-limited stress test)
  • Important to take individuals to maximal effort
  • Many abnormal signs/symptoms do not manifest at lower intensities
  • Major concern is level of stress placed on participants
  • Increase risk for abnormal cardiovascular event
70
Q

What are the 5 factors used to determine Health-Related Physical Fitness?

A

Body Composition, Cardiovascular-respiratory fitness, Muscular strength, muscular endurance, and Flexibility?

71
Q

Muscular Power is

A

a great force production over a short period of time. IT IS NOT ONE OF THESE FACTOR

72
Q

What is exercise prescription?

A
  • Plan for physical activity and exercise
  • Achieve specific outcomes – improvement in fitness, reduction in disease risk, or
    weight loss
  • Meets the interests, goals, health needs, and clinical condition of an individual
  • Based on sound principles and innovative programming
  • Disease treatment: surgery, pharmacology, dietary, weight loss, exercise
73
Q

What are specific disease conditions of Cardiovascular disease?

A

Myocardial infarction, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Cardiac arrhythmia, Valvular heart disease, Chronic heart failure, Peripheral vascular disease, and Hypertension

74
Q

What is mycardial infarction?

A

Heart muscle deprived of oxygen (ischemia)

75
Q

What is coronary artey disease?

A

Narrowing of vessel opening (reduces blood flow)

76
Q

What is Angina pectoris?

A

Symptoms last usually 10-20 seconds but can last up to 30 minutes or more (reduced blood
flow by way of CAD)

77
Q

What is cardiac arrhythmia?

A

Normal rate & rhythm are affected reducing filling of ventricles and blood to bodily tissues

78
Q

What is valvular heart disease?

A

Reduction in cardiac output

79
Q

What is chronic heart failure?

A
  • Inability of heart to deliver adequate amounts of blood to bodily tissues
  • Depressed systolic or diastolic or combination of both
80
Q

What is chronic heart failure?

A
  • Inability of heart to deliver adequate amounts of blood to bodily tissues
  • Depressed systolic or diastolic or combination of both
81
Q

What is Peripheral vascular disease?

A
  • Fatty deposits build up in the inner linings of arterial walls restricting or blocking blood flow
  • Mainly in arteries leading to kidneys, stomach, arms, legs, and feet increasing risk of MI or
    stroke
82
Q

What is hypertension?

A
  • Abnormally high blood pressure due to increased resistance to blood flow through arterial
    blood vessels
83
Q

What are the types of Respiratory disease?

A

Obstructive pulmonary disease, Restrictive pulmonary disease, Asthma, and Cystic fibrosis

84
Q

What is Obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

Ventilatory and gas exchange impairments

85
Q

What is Restrictive pulmonary disease?

A

Reduced lung volume

86
Q

What is asthma?

A

Reversible obstruction to air flow

87
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Mucous secretions in many parts of the body become thick and viscous

88
Q

What are the types of metabolic diseases?

A

Diabetes mellitus, Hyperlipidemia, Obesity, and MEtabolic syndrome

89
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Disordered metabolism and elevated blood glucose
levels

90
Q

What is Hyperlipidemia?

A

high levels of fats. VLDL, LDL, HDL

91
Q

What is obseity?

A

Excess amount of body fat

92
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

Clustering of metabolic risk factors

93
Q

What are types of Orthopedic and neuromuscular dieseaes?

A

Arthritis, osteoporosis, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palasy.

94
Q

What is Arthritis?

A
  • Painful condition affecting a joint(s)
  • Two most common are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
95
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

an autoimmune disease. the immune system attacking healthy body tissue and causes swelling.

96
Q

What is osteporosis?

A
  • Decreased bone mass leading to weakened bones and increased risk of fracture
  • Osteopenia is when boss mass loss is significant but not as severe as osteoporosis
97
Q

What is muscular dystrophy?

A

Describes inherited diseases that progressively waste away the skeletal
muscle

98
Q

What is MS?

A

nerve damage disrupts communication between the brain and the body.

99
Q

What is cerebral palsy?

A

Disability caused by brain damage before or during birth resulting in loss of
voluntary control and coordination

100
Q

Clinical exercise physiology is used to

A

help promote health and reduce disease risk in both healthy and diseased individuals

101
Q

What is athletic training?

A
  • INVOLVES THE PREVENTION, TREATMENT, AND
    REHABILITATION OF INJURIES TO PHYSICALLY ACTIVE
    INDIVIDUALS AND ATHLETES
102
Q

Athletic trainers work closely with?

A

ATHLETIC TRAINERS WORK CLOSELY WITH ALLIED HEALTH
PROFESSIONALS TO PROVIDE CARE TO ANYONE WHO MAY
HAVE AN INJURY CAUSED BY PARTICIPATION IN PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY OR EXERCISE

103
Q

What is sports medicine?

A
  • UMBRELLA TERM THAT DESCRIBES THE VARIOUS ISSUES INTERRELATED
    AMONG MEDICINE, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, EXERCISE, HEALTH PROMOTION, AND
    DISEASE PREVENTION
104
Q

What are the primary responses of athletic trainers?

A
  • IMMEDIATE CARE OF ATHLETIC INJURIES
  • TREATMENT, REHABILITATION, AND RECONDITIONING OF INJURIES
  • EXERCISE ACTIVITIES
  • THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES
105
Q

What are important types of Therapeutic Modalities?

A

Cryotherapy, Cytokinetics, Thermotherapy, and ultrasound

106
Q

What is Cyrotherapy?

A

Cooling decreases physiologic function

107
Q

What is Cyrokinetics?

A

cool the body to analgesia and then work to increase ROM

108
Q

What is Thermotherapy?

A

Heating increases physiologic function

109
Q

What is Ultrasound?

A

Deep heats tissues to increase tissue temperatures

110
Q

What is RICE?

A

Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevate

111
Q

What ligament does the lachman test evaluate?

A

ACL

112
Q

What is Arthroscopy?

A

procedure for diagnosing and treating joint problems. A surgeon inserts a narrow tube attached to a fiber-optic video camera through a small incision — about the size of a buttonhole

113
Q

Why are females more likely to get injured in sports?

A

Increased Q-angle

114
Q

What is CTE?

A

repeated concussions throughout life that detriorates the brain

115
Q

A concussion occurs when

A

OCCURS WHEN A SIDE-TO-SIDE OR FRONT-TO-BACK MOTION CAUSES THE BRAIN
TO BE SHAKEN WITHIN THE SKULL

116
Q

The most common sport-related concussion is the brain

A

diffuse injury

117
Q

What are the types of ROM testing?

A

Active, Passive and Resistive

118
Q

What is active testing?

A

Athlete must move the body part in response to athletic trainer’s instruction

119
Q

What is passive testing?

A

Comparison of ROM achieved by the Athlete compared to ROM achieved by trainer when muscles are relaxed

120
Q

What is resistive testing?

A

Resistance applied by trainer as athlete moves the injured body part through normal ROM

121
Q

What does SOAP mean?

A

Subjective, Objective, Assess, Plan

122
Q

ATHLETIC TRAINING AND SPORTS MEDICINE PROFESSIONALS
ARE INVOLVED IN

A

THE PREVENTION, RECOGNITION, AND
TREATMENT OF INDIVIDUALS INJURED DURING PARTICIPATION
IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, EXERCISE, SPORT, AND ATHLETIC
COMPETITION

123
Q

What is exercise and sport nutrition?

A
  • Promotion of optimal intake of nutrients for tissue
    maintenance, repair, and growth and for providing the
    body with sufficient energy without an excess energy
    intake
124
Q

Optimal nutrient intake can

A

– Reduce the risk of disease conditions
– Enhance sport and athletic performance

125
Q

Increased carbohydrate consumption prior to prolonged exercise

A

Maximizes muscle glycogen prior to exercise which delays glycogen depletion and fatigue

126
Q

Carbohydrate and fluid ingestion during exercise

A

Spares muscle glycogen, maintains blood glucose concentration, maintains plasma volume and prevents dehydration and fatigue

127
Q

Adequate protein intake when combined with a resistance exercise training program

A

Maximizes lean mass development

128
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins

129
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

Vitamins and Minerals

130
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

Provide energy during moderate- to high-intensity physical activity or exercise.

131
Q

Function of Fats

A

Provide energy during low- to moderate intensity exercise

132
Q

Function of proteins

A

An important component of skeletal muscle. Part of various compounds that regulate metabolism during rest and exercise

133
Q

Function of minerals

A

Part of the structure of bone. Part of various compounds that regulate metabolism during rest and exercise

134
Q

Function of vitamins

A

IMportant for controlling metabolic pathways that produce energy during rest and exercise

135
Q

What is dietary Recall?

A

Individual reports intake over the previous 24-hour
period

136
Q

What is a dietary record?

A

Individual records the types and amounts of foods
consumed over a time period

137
Q

Decreased sodium and alcohol intake can

A

decrease blood pressure in hypertensive individuals

138
Q

Dietary Guidlines for health

A

Updated every five years
– USDA Food Guide
– Dietary reference intake (DRI)

139
Q

50% of our plate should be

A

fruits and vegetables

140
Q

Carbohydrate Ubtaje

A

– Blood glucose and muscle glycogen provide energy
for exercise

– Important during moderate- to high-intensity
exercise

– Sufficient carbohydrate intake is necessary to

  • Replenish muscle glycogen levels following training
  • Create an anabolic environment that promotes
    muscle repair and protein synthesis
141
Q

Proteins

A
  • Consumption of adequate amounts and types of protein
    is important for ensuring the optimal performance
  • Probably best to consume protein in several meals
    throughout the day
    – amino acids are readily available to the body tissues
    for continued protein synthesis
  • Processed protein supplements are used by athletes as
    an economical and convenient source of dietary protein
142
Q

Vitamin and mineral intake

A

Vitamins play important roles in energy production
and tissue metabolism
– Minerals are important components of metabolic
reactions in the body (e.g., energy production and
muscle contraction)

143
Q

hydration status and fluid replacement

A

– Loss of 2% of total body water can impact
performance
– Electrolytes are lost predominately in sweat
– Reduction in electrolytes can impair performance

144
Q

Ergogenic aids

A

– Substances that improve performance during training
or competition
– Biomechanical
– Nutritional
– Pharmacologic
– Physiologic
– Psychological

145
Q

What does creatine do?

A

Improves energy production during high-intensity exercise. Increases body weight and lean body mass

146
Q

Exercise and sport nutrition can be used to

A

enhance
health, reduce the risk for disease, and improve sport
and athletic performance

Exercise Science test 2 (1 decks)

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