Exercise Principles

Question 1

Rigidity - constraints

Answer 1

Agonist/antagonist co-contraction
Flexed alignment of trunk
Reduced trunk rotation
High axial tone (stiffness)

Question 2

Rigidity - exercises

Answer 2

Trunk rotation
Reciprocal movements
Rhythmic movements 
Erect alignment
Large COM movements
Increase LOS

Question 3

Bradykinesia - constraints

Answer 3

Slow, small movements
Narrow BOS
Lack of arm swing

Question 4

Bradykinesia - exercises

Answer 4

Fast, large steps
COM control
Large arm swings

Question 5

Freezing - constraints

Answer 5

Poor anticipatory postural adjustments
Abnormal mapping of body and movement
Abnormal visual-spatial maps
Divided attention affects mobility

Question 6

Freezing - exercises

Answer 6

Improve weight shifting
Understand role of external cues
Exercises in small spaces
Practice dual-tasking

Question 7

Inflexible program selection (sequential coordination) - constraints

Answer 7

Poor rolling, STS maneuvers, turns
Difficult floor transfers
Inability to change strategy quickly

Question 8

Inflexible program selection (sequential coordination) - exercises

Answer 8

Plan task in advance
Quick change strategies
Sequencing components of task

Question 9

Impaired sensory integration - constraints

Answer 9

Inaccurate w/o vision
Imbalance on unstable surface
Poor alignment w/ environment

Question 10

Impaired sensory integration - exercises

Answer 10

Kinesthetic awareness
Decrease surface dependence
Flexible orientation

Question 11

Reduced executive function and attention - constraints

Answer 11

Difficulty with dual-tasks and sequences of actions

Question 12

Reduced executive function and attention - exercises

Answer 12

Practice gait and balance with secondary task and sequences of actions (i.e., boxing, agility course)