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PE Studies 3AB > Exercise Physiology - Fatigue And Recovery > Flashcards

Exercise Physiology - Fatigue And Recovery Flashcards

0
Q

Define Neuromuscular.

A

The voluntary control of muscles by nerves.

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1
Q

What does the onset and rate of development of fatigue depend on?

A
  • Type of activity being undertaken: intermittent or continuos.
  • Muscle-fibre type being used: slow-twitch fibre types are more fatigue-resistant.
  • Type of muscular contractions occurring: isotonic, isometric or isokinetic; isometric contractions cause fatigue the quickest.
  • The intensity and duration of the activity undertaken: fatigue is more rapid with high-intensity or anaerobic work.
  • The level of fitness or training adaptions possessed by the performer.
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2
Q

Define Psychomotor.

A

The function of muscles under the control of the mind.

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3
Q

What is Fatigue?

A

It is the inability to sustain a required exercise intensity, it can also be thought of as the point when exercise performance begins to deteriorate or falter.

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4
Q

What are the results of fatigue?

A
  • Reduction in muscle force
  • Shortening Velocity
  • Reduced muscular power
  • Slower muscle relaxation rates
  • Increased perception of effort
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5
Q

What is Central fatigue?

A

It occurs when muscular function is decreased as a result of CNS impairment.

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6
Q

What is Peripheral Fatigue?

A

It occurs when muscle function is disrupted at the muscle site or sites, as a result of impaired internal muscle processes.

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7
Q

Is if possible for Central and Peripheral fatigue to occur simultaneously?

A

Yes.

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8
Q

List out the levels of fatigue.

A
  1. Local
  2. General
  3. Chronic
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9
Q

What are the causes, signs and symptoms of Local fatigue?

A

Fatigue is experienced in a muscle or group of muscles localized in one part of the body. This tends to occur if the same muscle group is called upon repeatedly during training or performance without sufficient recovery. Muscles often experience a heaviness, tingling pain or cramp-like feelings.

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10
Q

What if the Fatigue Indicator for Local?

A

Commonly felt after completing a weight station, e.g 8 x bench presses at 80% RM; or biceps or triceps after a game of squash or badminton.

Fatigue Indicator = 2/10 - 4/10

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11
Q

What are the causes, signs and symptoms of General fatigue?

A

This tends to occur after completing a full training session or competitive game of football, netball, etc. Performers feel all of their muscles are ‘weak’, and sometimes experience psychological fatigue as well.

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12
Q

What is the Fatigue Indicator of General?

A

Commonly experienced after completing a circuit session or full-on-game of hockey.

Fatigue Indicator = 6/10 - 8/10

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13
Q

What are the causes, signs and symptoms of Chronic fatigue?

A

Performers experience an unhealthy breakdown of their immune system. This is usually caused by overtraining as a result of poor training-program design, inappropriate recovery strategies or excessive competition demands and schedules. Chronic fatigue is dangerous; it is accompanied by increased susceptibility to illness or infections, persistent muscle soreness and reduced motivation levels.

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14
Q

What Fatigue Indicator is chronic?

A

Commonly diagnosed as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) or sometimes glandular fever.

Fatigue Indicator = 10/10

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15
Q

Define multifactorial.

A

More than one factor is involved.

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16
Q

What are some factors that will determine when performances will deteriorate?

A
  • Exercise Duration
  • Intensity
  • Type of Muscular Contractions
  • Physical Fitness
  • Conditioning
  • Age
  • Diet
  • Environmental Conditions
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17
Q

Fuel depletion is a factor of Fatigue, list them out.

A
  • Intramuscular ATP
  • Phosphocreatine
  • Muscle Glycogen
  • Blood Glucose
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18
Q

Metabolic By-Product is a factor of Fatigue, list them out.

A
  • H+ ions in plasma and muscle
  • Inorganic phosphate (Pi)
  • Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
  • Ca2+
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19
Q

Neuromuscular events is a factor of Fatigue, list them out.

A
  • Decreased CNS ‘firing’

* Impaired sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) gradients

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20
Q

Elevated body temperature is a factor of Fatigue, list them out.

A
  • Very high core temperatures
  • Increased rates of dehydration
  • Redistribution of blood to assist cooling
21
Q

Define Lactate threshold.

A

The point where lactate begins to accumulate in the bloodstream.

22
Q

Define Glycolysis.

A

The breakdown of glycogen aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen).

23
Q

Define NAD+.

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

24
Q

Define Acidosis.

A

The increase of hydrogen ions which results in an abnormal increase in acidity.

25
Q

How do the production of lactic acid in our body increase?

A

Lactate production increases in proportion to our exercise rates and at some point, a rate or workload will be reached which sees lactate accumulate .

26
Q

What is our preferred energy source for exercise?

A

Glycogen.

27
Q

What does glucose molecule breakdown to through glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvic acid molecules, and energy is released to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which then allows more muscle contraction to occur.

28
Q

What happens under aerobic conditions when there is sufficient oxygen?

A

The pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria and undergoes aerobic glycolysis to produce more ATP.

29
Q

What happens when there is insufficient oxygen during anaerobic conditions?

A

The pyruvic acid transforms into lactic acid via anaerobic glycolysis.

30
Q

What does Glycoloysis result in?

A

The formation of pyruvic acid and hydrogen ions (H+).

31
Q

What happens when there is a build up of H+ in the muscle cells?

A

The muscle cells will be acidic which affects it’s performance, so carrier molecules (NAD+) remove the H+.

32
Q

What is the role of the Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ?

A

The NAD+ is broken down to NADH that deposits the H+ ion at the electron transport gate (ETC) in the mitochondria to be combined with oxygen to form water (H2O). If there is insufficient oxygen, the NADH cannot release the H+ and it builds up in the cell.

33
Q

How is it possible to reduce the rise in acidity in a muscle cell?

A

Pyruvic acid combines with H+ forming lactic acid which then breaks down to lactate and H+. Some of the lactate diffuses into the blood stream and takes some H+ with it, as a way of reducing the H+ concentration in the muscle cell.

34
Q

How does lactate production delay the onset of acidosis?

A

This occurs because lactate serves to combine with hydrogen ions and moves them from cell to the blood.

35
Q

How does training help in get rid of lactate acid?

A

Training accelerates lactate clearance, reduces lactate accumulation at any given workload and results in a greater level of lactate accumulation during maximal effort. However, high concentrations of blood plasma acidosis may impair performance by causing a reduced central nervous system drive to the muscle.

36
Q

Explain the Lactate Shuttle Model.

A
  • As we exercise, glycogen is broken down and pyruvate is formed.
  • When insufficient oxygen is available to break down the pyruvate, lactate and hydrogen (H+) are produced.
  • Lactate and H+ enter the surrounding muscle cells and tissues, and are then transported to the blood.
  • The muscle cells and tissues receiving the lactate break down the lactate and more ATP is produced for immediate use, or uses in the creation of glycogen.
  • The glycogen remains in the muscle cells until more energy or ATP is required.
37
Q

What is the difference between Lactate and Lactate Acid?

A

Lactic acid and lactate are two different substances. Lactic acid is produced during glycolysis, but quickly breaks down and releases hydrogen ions (H+). The remaining compound combines with either sodium ions (Na+) or potassium ions (K+) to form a salt known as lactate. It is blood lactate that is measured by doing ‘pin prick’ tests during training, not lactic acid.

38
Q

Define Contractile.

A

The ability of muscle fibers to contract.

39
Q

What type if recovery would be best for clearing lactate?

A

An active recovery clears lactate at faster rates than passive recovery, but It may also further deplete the glycogen stores that need replenishing. Therefore a combine strategy is common, utilizing active and passive recoveries together to decrease lactate levels while allowing glycogen resynthesis.

40
Q

What is an Oxygen Deficit.

A

It occurs when oxygen demands are greater than the body’s ability to supply the necessary oxygen levels.

41
Q

What happens when the body relies on Phosphocreatine (PC) splitting?

A

It utilizes the adenosine triphosphate Phosphocreatine system (ATP-PC system) or anaerobic glycolysis which utilizes the lactic acid system to supply ATP anaerobically.

42
Q

What causes the body rely on Phosphocreatine (PC) splitting?

A

Short-duration and high-intensity activities because the body is unable to deliver sufficient oxygen fast enough to meet the activity demands.

43
Q

Define steady state.

A

A situation where the body is able to supply sufficient oxygen to meet the oxygen demands.

44
Q

What is Plateau?

A

A period of in changing oxygen demand.

45
Q

Why does the aerobic energy system lags in it’s ability to contribute large amounts of energy in the first 20-30secs of exercise?

A

Even though all 3 energy systems contribute to ATP production, the aerobic energy system calls upon more chemical reactions to liberate ATP.

46
Q

When is a steady state reached in terms of supply of oxygen?

A

When the anaerobic energy system becomes the major supplier of ATP.

47
Q

What happens when the body is in a steady state?

A

When the body is in steady state, oxygen supply equals oxygen demand and this contributes to lactate breakdown, removal and conversion back into useful forms.

48
Q

List the oxidation of lactate and conversion into useful fuels.

A
  • Oxidation into CO2 & H2O 65%
  • Conversion into Glycogen 20%
  • Conversion into Protein 10%
  • Conversion into Glucose 5%
49
Q

Define Oxygen Debt.

A

(EPOC) When oxygen consumption stays above resting levels after exercise has finished.

PE Studies 3AB (1 decks)

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