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5. ADV PHYS > Exercise I > Flashcards

Exercise I Flashcards

1
Q

define stressor:

A
  • factors that threaten homeostasis
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2
Q

exercise as a stressor:

A
  • most potent
  • nearly all body organs altered to copy w demands of exercising mm for nutrients, O2
  • minimise increased generation of heat, increase lvls of acid, K+ and CO2 in plasma of veins
  • ancestors relied on exercise for survival, we must have regular exercise to avoid chronic diseases assoc w current sedentary lifestyle
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3
Q

regulation of body during exercise: dom by

A
  • stress hormones
  • esp Ad
  • stimulation of sym NS
  • inhibition of para nn
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4
Q

ATP: function

A
  • adenosine triphosphate
  • mm need ATP for contraction, transport Ca back to SR (for mm relaxation- Ca pump) and Na/K pump
  • high freq of AP during exercise causes increase K outflow and Na uptake in mm cells
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5
Q

ATP: importance of Na/K pump

A
  • preventing accumulation of K in plasma

- increases in plasma K conc. by only few mM can cause skeletal mm paralysis, cardiac arrhythmias

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6
Q

ATP: features

A
  • during strenuous exercise ATP production increases up to 100x vs. rest
  • adenosine + 3 phosphate groups
  • phosphate: weak acids
  • negative charges, electrostatic repulsive forces btw phosphate groups
  • bond broken, energy released
  • energy will be transferred to linked reaction needing ext energy to proceed
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7
Q

ATP: equation for ATP hydrolysis

A

ATP + H2O –> ADP + Pi + H+

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8
Q

ATP: anaerobic type features

A
  • absence of O2
  • vital for rapid rate of ATP utilisation required at initiation of exercise
  • short bursts of high-intensity activity
  • produces quickly, min lag time (substrates used already within myocyte)
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9
Q

ATP: aerobic type features

A
  • limited by rate of delivery of O2 (depends of function of CV and respiratory sys
  • 1-4 mins, sys regulated so O2 delivery matches increased demand by exercising mm
  • not rapid enough for start or sudden acceleration
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10
Q

anaerobic processes: ATP

A
  • cells hav minimal amounts of ‘stored’ ATP
  • used in first few sec of exercise
  • mm ATP conc around 10mM, does not fall by more than 20% even in rapid high intensity exercise
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11
Q

anaerobic processes: phosphocreatine features/ dev

A
  • creatine mainly produced by liver
  • plasma creatine enter cells via specific transport protein
  • mm at rest: ATP derived from aerobic processes donated its 3rd phosphate group -> creatine = phosphocreatine
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12
Q

anaerobic processes: phosphocreatine mechanism

A
  • conversion catalysed by enzyme creatine (phospho) kinase
  • at rest: conc of phosphocreatine ~30mM
  • phosphorylation occurs in mitochondria (ATP provided by ox phos/ anaerobic glycolysis in cytoplasm
  • ATP required: reaction reversed, ATP liberated from phosphocreatine to bind ATPases in cytoplasm
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13
Q

anaerobic processes: phosphagen sys

A
  • stored ATP and phosphocreatine together = phosphagen sys
  • depletes 8-10s of intense whole body exercise
  • in resting periods btw intense exercise phosphocreatine lvls returned to normal in a min
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14
Q

anaerobic processes: anaerobic glycolysis features

A
  • glycogen is biopolymer of glucose molecules built on glycogenin protein
  • storage form of glucose in animal cells
  • 1 glycogen = 120 000 glucose molecules
  • glycogen made and stored primarily in liver, skeletal mm
  • found in granules within cells at higher conc in liver
  • most of body glycogen in skeletal mm
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15
Q

anaerobic processes: anaerobic glycolysis- glycogen in liver

A
  • source of glucose maintain normal conc of plasma glucose molecules
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16
Q

anaerobic processes: anaerobic glycolysis- skeletal mm glycogen converts to

A
  • glucose-6-phosphate molecules rather than glucose
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17
Q

anaerobic processes: anaerobic glycolysis- can/can’t exit mm fibre

A
  • can’t exit mm fibre coz charged phosphate group, mm glycogen can only utilised by the mm
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18
Q

anaerobic processes: anaerobic glycolysis- pathway

A
  • occurs in cytoplasm
  • produces 2 ATP molecules when pathway starts w glucose-6-phosphate
  • end product is pyruvate (if absent from O2 will be converted into lactate)
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19
Q

anaerobic processes: anaerobic glycolysis- simplified equation for glycolysis

A

glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ –> 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + H20 + 2H+

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20
Q

anaerobic processes: anaerobic glycolysis- in the presence of oxygen pyruvate

A
  • ATP rapidly consumed to produce more ADP but reaction to continue the pyruvate, NADH and H+ must also be removed
  • w O2, shift these 3 products into mitochondria feeding into Kreb’s cycle - electron transport chain reaction
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21
Q

anaerobic processes: anaerobic glycolysis- in absence of oxygen pyruvate

A
  • converted to lactate dehydrogenase
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22
Q

anaerobic processes: anaerobic glycolysis- pyruvate/lactate equation

A

2pyruvate + 2NADH + H+ 2lactate + 2NAD+

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23
Q

conversion of pyruvate to lactate: acidity?

A
  • decreases acidity

- lactate + H+ exported to plasma by monocarboxylate transport proteins

24
Q

anaerobic processes: anaerobic glycolysis- lactate features

A
  • plasma lactate is substrate for ox phos in most tissues (incl skeletal mm, heart mm, liver, kidney) that hav O2 available
  • lactate also converted in liver to glucose (gluconeogenesis) exported into plasma
25
Q

anaerobic processes: anaerobic glycolysis- acidification

A
  • protons produced by glycolysis consumed in conversion of pyruvate to lactate to ATP hydrolysis likely source of acid
26
Q

anaerobic processes: anaerobic glycolysis- mm contraction

A
  • solely depends on anaerobic glycolysis for ATP production for 1.3-1.6min
  • during that time increased acidity in myocytes, venous blood cont mm pain and fatigue
27
Q

anaerobic processes: anaerobic glycolysis- acidity in mm cells effect

A
  • inhibits enzymes involved in ATP production
  • H+ ions compete w Ca ions for binding sites
  • reduces ability of Ca to bind to tropomyosin C
28
Q

anaerobic processes: anaerobic glycolysis- venous in exercising mm

A
  • low pH, PO2 lvl

- high PCO2

29
Q

define metabolic acidosis

A
  • excess acid in arterial blood
30
Q

anaerobic processes: anaerobic glycolysis- does metabolic acidosis occur in excercise?

A
  • no, H+ produced is buffered and excreted as CO2 in lungs

- increased CO and ventilation rates means changes in PO2, PCO2, pH in arterial blood r minimal

31
Q

aerobic ATP production: features

A
  • mm activity continuing for any length of time requires immediate source O2, and remove CO2
  • powered by glucose from glycogen and fatty acids (supports moderate exercise for many hrs)
  • glucose -> fat as major fuel source
32
Q

aerobic ATP production: high exercise intensity (>40% Vmax) what is dom substrate for ATP prod

A
  • glycogen
  • 4-5hrs dependant on intensity
  • recover faster on carb diet vs mixed/fat diet
33
Q

aerobic ATP production: O2 supplied into w pyruvate

A
  • pyruvate from glycolysis, fatty acids, ketone bodies, certain aa
  • fed in Kreb’s cycle (citric) via acetyl-coA
  • CAC produces reducing agents (NADH, FADH2, CO2) which provide H+ for ATP prod
  • O2 takes last H+ = prod H2O
34
Q

aerobic ATP production: mitochondria respiration aka

A
  • CAC
35
Q

aerobic ATP production: oxidative phosphorylation aka

A
  • electron transport chain reaction
36
Q

skeletal mm fibre: list types (3)

A
  • slow twitch (type I)

- fast twitch (type IIa, IIB)

37
Q

skeletal mm fibre: type I fibre features

A
  • many mitochondria
  • high conc of myoglobin (trap and store O2)
  • red colour
  • ATP prod mitochondrial resp (aerobic)
  • slow response time, slow fatigue
38
Q

skeletal mm fibre: type I fibre location

A
  • postural mm in spine, neck, legs

- mm involved in low intensity repeated contractions (walking, non-competitive cycling)

39
Q

skeletal mm fibre: type II fibres general features

A
  • rapidly respond
  • anaerobic prod
  • lil myoglobin (white mm)
  • bursts of intense activity (powerlifting, sprint 100m)
40
Q

skeletal mm fibre: type IIa

A
  • intermediate btw IIb and I slow twitch
  • combo of anaerobic/aerobic
  • mod lvl myoglobin, red mm
  • dom: fast running (400m)
  • weight training
41
Q

aerobic capacity: VO2

A
  • rate of O2 consumption

- individual at rest, measure basal metabolic rate

42
Q

aerobic capacity: VO2 equation

A

VO2 = (SV X HR) x (O2 aa - O2 veins)

43
Q

aerobic capacity: use of exercise VO2 max

A
  • measure of max aerobic capacity
44
Q

aerobic capacity: how VO2 estimated

A
  • increasing rate of exercise in step wise fashion while measuring O2 consumption/step
  • intially O2 consumption directly proportional to work rate (straight line)
  • eventually plateau (aerobic ATP can’t suppport)
  • VO2 max line is flat, fatigue ends exercise
45
Q

aerobic capacity: VO2 body weight ~

A

3.5ml/min/kg

46
Q

aerobic capacity: VO2 max range healthy

A

40-45 ml/min/kg

47
Q

lactic threshold: why can’t aerobic resp supply all ATP for exercise

A
  • depletes well before VO2 max is reached
  • rapid rise of plasma lactate conc around 60% of VO2 max
  • pyruvate produced by glycolysis exceeds rate of pyruvate and NADH entry in CAC
48
Q

lactic threshold: excess pyruvate converted

A
  • converted into lactate by lactase dehydrogenase

- oxidation of NADH -> NAD+

49
Q

lactic threshold: lactate threshold is

A
  • VO2 lvl where plasma lactate conc begins to rise at rapid rate
50
Q

lactic threshold: exercise intensity below ~60% mm contraction by

A
  • Type I (slow twitch)

- using aerobic ATP prod

51
Q

recovery: excess post exercise O2 consumption- (EPOC) features

A
  • after exercise, VO2 takes ~10 mins to fall to ‘at rest’ lvls = SPOC (aka O2 debt)
52
Q

recovery: excess post exercise O2 consumption- rapid component of EPOC

A
  • O2 stored in myoglobin in mm replenished and ATP produced by ox phos (mitochondria)
  • used to convert creatine back to phosphocreatine
53
Q

recovery: excess post exercise O2 consumption- slow component EPOC

A
  • removal of excess lactate from plasma
  • achieved through conversion of lactate - pyruvate (back into Krebs)
  • lactate converted to glucose in liver via gluconeogenesis
  • both need O2
54
Q

recovery: excess post exercise O2 consumption- pH of exercising mm

A
  • during: 0.4-0.6 less than blood (pH= 7.4)
  • mm known to fall to 6.2
  • acid convert to HCO2- to CO2
  • ventilation rates increase to excrete CO2 in breath (needs extra energy)
  • HCO2 used to buffer acid, regenerated in kidney
55
Q

recovery: excess post exercise O2 consumption- recovery after heavy exercise

A
  • after v heavy exercise, recovery of normal pH, HCO3- and lactate
  • several hrs
56
Q

increased CO and increase O2 consumption by cardiac mm needed to

A
  • cool body after exercise

5. ADV PHYS (10 decks)

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