Exercise and Health Flashcards
What effect does exercise have in improving the health outcomes of metabolic syndrome?
There is strong evidence that exercise is benficial to the health of patients with metabolic syndrome
In terms of pathogenesis, symptoms, physical fitness and quality life; exercise leads to improvements in each component of the metabolic syndrome:
- Insulin resistance
- Dyslipidaemia
- Obesity
- Hypertension
What effect does exercise training have on insulin actions
- Improved insulin signalling (Akt etc.)
- Upregulated GLUT4 expression
- Upregulated hexokinase and glycogen synthase actions
- Muscle oxidative capacity
- Muscle blood flow
- Capillary density/recruitment
- NO/NOS
What effect does exercise have on GLUT4 expression in type 2 diabetes?
Exercise increases GLUT4 expression in type 2 diabetes
This reduces the amount of circulating blood glucose and stabilises states of hyperglycaemia
What effect does exercise training have on insulin resistance?
Exercise leads to improved insulin sensitivity
In insulin resistance, circulating blood glucose is shunted to the liver for lipogenesis and TAG production -> leading to hypertriglyceridemia that is potentially toxic
This is reduced with exercise training as elevated insulin sensitivity upregulates glycogen storage pathways in muslce and liver
What effect does exercise training have on HDL cholesterol?
Regular exercise leads to elevated levels of HDL as a result of elevated lipoprotein lipase levels
What effect does exercise training have on blood pressure?
Exercise training a significant hypotensive effect that over time lowers a person’s blood pressure
What are myokines?
What are adipokines?
How do they interact in CVD?
The existence of myokines remains hotly debated; but it is thought that they are both cardioprotective and **altering of adipocyte tissue function by upregulating GLUT4 **
Adipokines are signalling molecule produced and released by by adipocytes. Many of them are associated with cardiovascular and metabolic disease states
What anti-inflammatory properties are thought to be attributed to exercise?
Exercise has been shown to increase the circulating levels of IL-6 (an anti-inflammatory interleukin) as a result of elevated muscle synthesis of the compound.
IL-6 can lead to:
- lipolysis of adipose tissue
- Glycogenolysis
- Reduced inflammatory TNF-a
- Elevated anti-inflammatory IL-10
This may assist in explaining the beneficial effects of exercise in treatment of metabolic syndrome - which has a component of underlying inflammatory processes
What risks can be associated with exercise?
Sudden cardiac death
Exercise-induced bronchospasm (exercise induced asthma)
Musculoskeletal injury
Delayed onset muslce soreness
Exertional rhabdomyolysis
Exertional hyper/hypothermia
Proteinuria
What effect does exercise training have on the incidence of MI?
There is a reduction in the incidence of MI with more frequent physical activity
Illustrate how exercise can lead to adverse cardiovascular events?
What principles need to be considered when “prescribing” a patient exercise?
Readiness / risk evaluation to identify any factors contraindicate exercise
Volume, intensity and duration of exercise
Adaptation of exercise programme to overload or progression
Specificity - particular types of exercise will lead to certain adaptations over others
Describe the dose-response curve to exercise
The greatest gains in health outcomes are achieved from going from no physical activity to some activity
There are diminshing health returns from physical activity
Public health measures are focussing on getting the largest increase in health benefits for the least amount of work
What effect does high intensity exercise training have on Type 2 diabetes control?
Exercise training can blunt the glucose response of type 2 diabetes patients - providing **better glycaemic control **
What type of exercise is best for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes patients?
There are two broad categories of exercise fitness: aerobic training for cardiovascular fitness and resistance training for the maintenance of muscle mass
There may be some cross over in the physiological outcomes of aerobic and resistance training - they are not as seperate as originally thought
Combined exercise (of both aerobic and resistance fitness) is recommended for the best outcomes in glycaemic control
