Exercise 8 (Cardiovascular System) Flashcards
The cardiovascular system functions primarily to ___ throughout the body.
transport blood
The cardiovascular system is composed of the: (3)
- heart and network if arteries
- veins
- capillaries
The average adult male has between ____ of blood or blood volume, while the average adult female has between ____.
5-6L
4-5L
The blood carries ____ and ____ to all of the living cells in the body, and also carries ____ from the tissues to the systems of the body through which they are eliminated.
oxygen and other nutrients
waste products
Most of the blood is made up of watery, protein-laden fluid called ____.
plasma
A little less than half of this blood volume is composed of ____ and _____, and other solid elements called ____.
red and white blood cells
platelets
____ increases the workload of the heart by increasing the force with which the heart must pump to provide blood to the body.
It is also a concern for ____.
high blood pressure
proper kidney functioning
____ is a concern for maintaining adequate blood pressure to the brain.
low blood pressure
A decrease in pressure may lead to ____ or ____.
fainting or dizziness
In this exercise, you will learn how to determine the ___. (3)
- pulse rate
- heart sounds
- blood pressure
In this exercise, the materials we need are: (5)
- stethoscope
- sphygmomanometer
- 70% isopropyl
- cotton balls
- watch
The pulse rate is measured by ____, which is done by locating regions of the body where the pulse can be palpated. These areas includes the ___, ____, and other sites.
beats per minute (BPM)
radial artery, carotid artery
The ____ and the ____ can be followed by listening to the heart sounds with a stethoscope.
cardiac cycle of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole)
The contraction of the ventricles produce a ____, resulting in the vibration of surrounding structures.
rise in intraventricular pressure
It is primarily the vibration of the ____ that produces the ___ sound of the heart,
usually verbalized as “___.”
atrioventricular valves
first
“lub”
At the end of the contraction phase, the blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries pushes the one-way semilunar valves shut, and the resulting vibration of these structures produces the ___ sound of the heart, which is verbalized as “___.”
second
dub
During inhalation, the first heart sound may be split into two sounds because the ____ and _____ close at different times.
tricuspid and mitral valves
The second heart sound may also be split into two components because the ____ and ____ close at different times.
pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves
Auscultation of the chest is a valuable aid in the diagnosis of a variety of cardiac conditions, including ____.
heart murmurs
These murmurs may be caused by an ____ in a valve, a ____, or the ____ between the right and left atria, resulting in a regurgitation of blood in the reverse direction of normal flow.
irregularity
septal defect
persistence after birth of the opening (foramen ovale)
Abnormal splitting of the first and second heart sounds may be due to ___ (4) or other abnormalities.
- heart block
- septal defects
- aortic stenosis
- hypertension
- First clean the earpiece of the stethoscope with a cotton ball wet with alcohol. Notice that the earpieces do not point directly inward but are at ____. The ear pieces should be pointing ____ when placed in the ears. When inserted in this way, it fit the ears more comfortably and are properly positioned so that hearing through stethoscope is ____.
a bit of an angle
slightly forward
facilitated
- To best hear the first heart sound, auscultate the apex beat of the heart by placing the diaphragm of the stethoscope in the ____.
fifth left intercostals space (the bicuspid area)
- To best hear the second heart sound, place the stethoscope to the right and then left of the sternum in the ____.
second intercostals space (the aortic and pulmonic area)
- Compare the heart sounds in the three stethoscope positions described during ___ (3).
- quiet breathing
- slow and deep inhalation
- slow exhalation
Measurement of Blood Pressure by ____ Method
auscultatory
The accuracy of a blood pressure measurement is important because extremely low blood pressure (____) or extremely high blood pressure (____) are health risks.
hypotension
hypertension
Blood pressure can be indirectly determined with a ____, which measures pressure in ____.
sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cufi)
millimeters of mercury rising in a glass column
The ___ the pressure, the ____ the rise of mercury.
greater
higher
Blood pressure is ____ throughout the body but is influenced by ____, therefore the pressure in the arteries of the head and neck are ____ than the blood pressure from the heart.
not uniform
gravity
less
The pressure in the arteries in the leg is ____ than the blood pressure in the heart.
greater
Blood pressure is measured in the ____, which is about the same level of the heart and therefore is at the same approximate pressure.
brachial artery
Auscultatory measurement of blood pressure involves listening to sounds as blood passes through the ____.
Normally, ____ through a stethoscope as blood passes through it.
brachial artery
no sound is heard
When pressure is applied by pinching off a garden hose the turbulence ____ the sound.
creates
When pressure is applied to the arm due to constriction from blood pressure cuff, the turbulence of the blood passing through the vessel ___.
creates sound
The significant difference between the flow of blood in the body versus water in a garden hose is that the ____ as the heart contracts during ventricular systole.
blood pulses through the arteries
The sounds made by the flow of blood in a constricted artery are known as the ___.
“sounds of Korotkov”
Normal blood pressure is approximately ___ mmHg.
120/80
Hypertension is elevated blood
pressure in excess of ___ mmHg with the greatest concern is in the ___ reading.
140/90
diastolic
The diastolic pressure should be ____ mmHg.
less than 90
Hypotension is decrease blood pressure
below ___ mmHg.
90/60
- Place the blood pressure cuff around the arm of your lab partner at the level of the heart. Make sure the inflatable portion of the cuff is on the ____.
anterior medial side
- Place the bell of the stethoscope where you have located the ____ and have your lab partner rest his or her forearm on the table. You should not hear any sound at this time.
brachial pulse
- Hold on to the rubber squeeze bulb with the attached rubber tubing away from you.
Turn the metal dial ____ until it is closed. You can now begin to inflate the cuff.
clockwise
- Inflate the cuff ____ mmHg and slowly releasing the knob of the metal dial ____ to deflate the pressure cuff. At this point in time, the needle valve of the sphygmomanometer begins to descend. While watching the needle valve descend, record the mmHg when the ____.
up to 140
counter clockwise
first sound is heard
This sound represents the ____ of the ventricles, which is the pressure the heart generates that exceeds the pressure cuff.
systolic pressure
- Continue deflating the cuff slowly until the sound ____. Listen very carefully until the sound completely disappears. At the exact level where the sound disappears is the ____.
starts to muffle
diastolic pressure
- Record the level of blood pressure as the ____.
systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure (systolic/diastolic)
The pulse pressure is determined by ____. It is normally around _ mmHg.
subtracting the diastolic pressure from the systolic pressure (systolic - diastolic)
50
MAP stands for ____.
The MAP is equal to ____.
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
diastolic pressure plus one-third of the pulse pressure (diastolic + 1/3 of pulse pressure)
In measuring the respiratory rate, all these measurements with the same subject on the following positions: (5)
a. while the subject is sitting
b after reclining for 3-5 minutes (arms at side)
c. immediately upon standing (arms down)
d. after standing for 3 minutes (arms down) e. after running up and down the stairs
