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Organic Chemistry Lab > Exercise 8: ALCOHOLS > Flashcards

Exercise 8: ALCOHOLS Flashcards

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1
Q

which is the
active component of alcoholic
beverages, is just one and most common
among the large family alcohols.

A

Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

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2
Q

organic compounds composed of an aliphatic carbon atom with a
hydroxyl (-OH) functional group

 very common and may exist freely in nature

 exhibit some unique set of physicochemical properties mainly due to
the presence of the hydroxyl functional group

A

Alcohols

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3
Q

 the is a functional group of all alcohols, hence the
general formula of ROH, where R is the alkyl group

A

hydroxyl group

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4
Q

 some of the properties of alcohols depend on the

A

length of the alkyl chain attached to the hydroxyl group

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5
Q

 C with the –OH group attached to one other carbon atom
 general formula:

A

primary (1°) alcohol

RCH2OH

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6
Q

 C with the –OH group attached to two other carbon atoms
 general formula:

A

 secondary (2°) alcohol

R2CHOH

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7
Q

 C with the –OH group attached to three other carbon
atoms
 general formula:

A

 tertiary (3°) alcohol

R3COH

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8
Q

generally have higher boiling points as compared to hydrocarbons
having the same molecular masses

mainly due to the in between the OH
groups

A

BOILING POINT

intermolecular H-bonding

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9
Q

boiling point = number of C in the aliphatic chain
boiling point  = branching in aliphatic carbon chain 

A

Increase. Increase
Decrease, increase

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10
Q

governed by its ability to perform intermolecular H-bonding with
polar solvents

A

SOLUBILITY

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11
Q

 are usually formed in between the OH group of alcohol
and water (which makes alcohol soluble with H2O)

however, the longer the alkyl chain is, the - alcohol
becomes soluble with water

A

H-bonds

lesser

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12
Q

acidic in nature because of their ability to react with active metals
(e.g. sodium, potassium,) forming the corresponding

A

ACIDITY
alkoxide

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13
Q

acidity is due to the

A

polarity of the hydroxyl bond

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14
Q

acidity  = when an electron donating group is attached to the
hydroxyl group as the electron density increases on the oxygen
atom

A

Decrease

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15
Q

primary alcohols are - than secondary and tertiary
alcohols

A

more acidic

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16
Q

PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS

A

Boiling point
Solubility
Acidity

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17
Q

alcohols exhibit a
range of
spontaneous
chemical
reactions due to

A

the cleavage of
C-O and O-H
bonds

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18
Q

JONES TEST (CHROMIC ACID TEST) results

n-butyl alcohol

A

blue-green solution
changes color much faster

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19
Q

JONES TEST (CHROMIC ACID TEST) results

sec-butyl alcohol

A

blue-green solution
changes color much slower

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20
Q

JONES TEST (CHROMIC ACID TEST) results

tert-butyl alcohol

A

orange solution
n/a

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21
Q

used to distinguish primary and
secondary alcohols from tertiary alcohols

 positive result: blue-green solution

A

JONES TEST (CHROMIC ACID TEST)

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22
Q

 reagent: Jones reagent ();

A

chromium oxide CrO3 in sulfuric acid H2SO4

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23
Q

JONES TEST (CHROMIC ACID TEST) named after

A

named after Ewart Jones

24
Q

JONES TEST (CHROMIC ACID TEST) principle: detect polar functional groups that can
be oxidized:

  • are oxidized to carboxylic acid while
  • to ketones; the
  • is reduced to a - species, which often precipitates in acetone
A

1° alcohols and aldehydes

2° alcohols

orange hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), blue-green trivalent chromium (Cr3+)

25
Q

LUCAS TEST results

n-butyl alcohol

A

Clear colorless soln
N/a

26
Q

LUCAS TEST results

n-butyl alcohol

A

clear colorless solution n/a

27
Q

LUCAS TEST results

sec-butyl alcohol

A

two-layer solution
forms layer much slower

28
Q

LUCAS TEST results

tert-butyl alcohol

A

Turbid solution immediate

29
Q

LUCAS TEST results

benzyl alcohol

A

turbid solution
often immediate

30
Q

used to distinguish tertiary and
secondary alcohols from primary alcohols

 positive result: turbid solution/formation of two layers

A

LUCAS TEST

31
Q

 reagent: Lucas reagent

A

zinc chloride ZnCl2 in concentrated hydrochloric acid HCl)

32
Q

 positive result: lucas test

A

turbid solution/formation of two layers

33
Q

LUcas test named after

A

Howard Lucas

34
Q

positive result: Jones Test

A

blue-green solution

35
Q

LUCAS TEST principle: SN1 mechanism to produce - which appears as white precipitate or
cloudiness of the solution;

often give immediate results
like tertiary alcohols

A

insoluble alkyl chloride

benzyl, allylic and propargylic alcohols

36
Q

ESTERIFICATION REACTION results

methanol + salicylic acid

A

minty odor
immediate

37
Q

function of test: used to demonstrate reactivity of alcohols with carboxylic
acids when heated with acid catalyst

 positive result: methanol with salicylic acid results to minty odor (methyl
salicylate); esters results to characteristic fruity-like odor

A

ESTERIFICATION REACTION

38
Q

 positive result: Esterification rxn

A

methanol with salicylic acid results to minty odor (methyl
salicylate); esters results to characteristic fruity-like odor

39
Q

reaction is both slow and reversible

A

Fischer esterification reaction;

40
Q

TEST FOR METHANOL
COLOR

A

red-violet ring at the junction of the two layers with dark red flocculent precipitate

41
Q

function of test: demonstrate oxidation of alcohols through partial
oxidation and dehydrogenation using hot catalyst (heated copper)

A

TEST FOR METHANOL

42
Q

TEST FOR METHANOL  principle: methanol is oxidized to - using - as catalyst;
to detect if methanol was oxidized, - is
added to the solution and - is added dropwise to induce color change,
precipitates and layer formation (method was
introduced by)

A

methanal
(formaldehyde), heated copper

resorcinol, concentrated sulfuric
acid)

Robert Mulliken

43
Q

IODOFORM TEST results

ethanol

A

clear colorless solution

44
Q

IODOFORM TEST results

isopropyl alcohol

A

turbid yellow solution with canary yellow precipitate

45
Q

IODOFORM TEST results

methanol

A

clear colorless solution

46
Q

function of test: used to identify methyl ketones or secondary alcohols
adjacent to a methyl group

 positive result: turbid yellow solution/canary yellow precipitate

A

IODOFORM TEST

47
Q

 reagent: Wagner’s reagent ; is
used to decolorize the solution

A

iodine in potassium iodide)

sodium hydroxide

48
Q

 positive result: Iodoform Test

A

turbid yellow solution/canary yellow precipitate

49
Q

Iodorm Test principle: I2 in KI in NaOH reacts only for compounds with the structure
to form (canary yellow precipitate); does
not work for all alcohols or ketones and does not work also for water-insoluble
compounds

A

RCH(OH)CH3 or RC=OCH3, iodoform

50
Q

ACROLEIN TEST results

glycerol

A

pungent acrid odor

51
Q

used to detect the presence of glycerol

 positive result: pungent acrid odor

A

ACROLEIN TEST

52
Q

 sample: - a polyhydroxy alcohol (triol) obtained as a by-
product from the manufacture of soap used as a moisturizing agent in
cosmetic formulations

A

glycerol

53
Q

AcroleinTest  principle: when heated with, glycerol is
dehydrated to form

A

potassium bisulfate (KHSO4), propenal (acrolein)

54
Q

eagent: Wagner’s reagent

A

Iodoform Test

55
Q

reagent: Lucas reagent

A

Lucas Test

56
Q

reagent: Jones reagent

A

Jones Test

Organic Chemistry Lab (5 decks)

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