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Bio 40B > Exercise 24 > Flashcards

Exercise 24 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

Produces and secretes tears onto eye surface

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2
Q

Lacrimal canal

A

Drains tears from eyes into lacrimal sac

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3
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

AKA pink eye. Inflammation of the bulbar conjunctiva. Viral, sometimes bacterial infection. Very contagious, more common in children

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4
Q

Bulbar conjunctiva

A

Protective mucous membrane that covers anterior part of white of eye BUT NOT CORNEA

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5
Q

Fibrous tunic

A

Cornea & sclera. Provides structural shape of eye

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6
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent, avascular, allows light to enter through pupil

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7
Q

Astigmatism

A

Caused by irregularities in the curvature of cornea or lens causing parts of image to be blurry

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8
Q

Sclera

A

White of eye, forms most of eyeball

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9
Q

Sclearal venous sinus (SVS)

A

AKA canal of Schlemm. Opening found at the junction of the cornea and sclera. FUNCTION: Collects aqueous humor from anterior chamber and delivers it into bloodstream via anterior ciliary veins

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10
Q

Vascular tunic

A

Iris, ciliary body, choroid. Contains blood vessels

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11
Q

Iris

A

Smooth muscle, controls size of pupil. Contains melanin, forms eye color.

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12
Q

Pupils

A

Opening that allows light to enter the vitreous chamber to reach the central fovea of the macula lutea of the retina which affects focus

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13
Q

Ciliary body

A

Ciliary muscle & ciliary process

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14
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Smooth muscle that changes shape of the lens

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15
Q

Ciliary process

A

Attached to suspensory ligaments that are attached to the lens. Produces aqueous humor

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16
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Fluid located in the anterior cavity of the eye. Produced by ciliary process & drained by scleral venous sinus back into blood. Provides nutrients & oxygen, removes waste products for lens & cornea

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17
Q

Anterior cavity

A

Anterior chamber & posterior chamber. Between cornea & lens. Contains aqueous humor produced by capillaries in ciliary process

18
Q

Anterior chamber

A

Between cornea & iris

19
Q

Posterior chamber

A

Between iris & lens

20
Q

Choroid

A

Contains blood vessels, nourishes retina. Contains tapetum (green-blue, night vision, not found in humans)

21
Q

Sensory tunic

A

Retina. Contains neural tissue from outgrowth of the brain

22
Q

Retina

A

Pigmented layer & 3 layers of neurous: photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell. Nervous tissue. Used to communicate visual information to the brain.

23
Q

Photoreceptor layer

A

Deepest neural layer. Contains rods (black & white images) & cones (color images)

24
Q

Bipolar cell layer

A

Middle neural layer

25
Q

Ganglion cell layer

A

Superficial neural layer. Contains neurons whose axons exit eye as optic nerve

26
Q

Lens

A

Important for focusing images. Avascular & made of proteins that are transparent. Divides interior of eye ball into 2 cavities: anterior cavity (anterior & posterior chamber) & vitreous chamber (posterior cavity)

27
Q

Cataract

A

Loss of transparency of the lens

28
Q

Causes of cataract formation

A

Age, diabetes

29
Q

Glaucoma

A

Most common kind of blindness. Can occur if aqueous humor fails to drain out the scleral venous sinus causing increase in pressure within anterior cavity of eye called intraocular pressure. Fluid compressed lens into posterior cavity & puts pressure on neurons of retina

30
Q

Vitreous chamber

A

Posterior cavity. Space between lens & retina filled with vitreous body (thick gel-like substance) which holds retina flat against choroid

31
Q

Macula lutea

A

Center of neural portion of retina (site of macular degeneration)

32
Q

Macular degeneration

A

Age-related macular disease. Generative disorder of retina in people over 50. Lose ability to see straight ahead (peripheral vision retained).
2 types:
“dry” AMD: pigmented layer of retina atrophies & degenerates.
“wet” AMD: new blood vessels form in choroid & leak plasma or blood under retina (laser surgery used to destroy leaking blood vessels)

33
Q

Central fovea (fovea centralis) of macula lutea

A

Located in middle of macula lutea. Where image is best focused on retina. Highest concentration of photoreceptors. No ganglion or bipolar cells

34
Q

Optic disc

A

AKA blind spot. Region of optic nerve & blood vessels. No photoreceptors hence “blind” spot

35
Q

Optic nerve

A

Nervous tissue of retina exits eyeball as optic nerve

36
Q

Which lobe of brain interprets information for vision?

A

Occipital lobe

37
Q

Visual pathway

A

Optic nerve (axons of ganglion cells) -> optic chiasm -> optic tract -> primary visual area of cortex in occipital lobe of brain

38
Q

Detached retina

A

Can occur due to trauma or age-related macular degeneration. Deteachment occurs between neural portion of retina & pigmented epithelium

39
Q

Color blindness

A

Inherited inability to distinguish between certain colors. Results from absence or deficiency of one of the three types of cones.

40
Q

Most common color blindness

A

Red-green color blindness. Red or green cones missing

Bio 40B (4 decks)

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