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CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY > Exercise 1_The Compound Microscope > Flashcards

Exercise 1_The Compound Microscope Flashcards

1
Q

What does “mikrós” means?

A

small

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2
Q

What does “skopeîn” means?

A

to look or see

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3
Q

It is an instrument designed to produce magnified visual or photographic images of small objects.

A

microscope

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4
Q

What kind of microscope is used for routine microscopic work in clinical parasitology?

A

light compound microscope

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5
Q

(4) classification of the parts of microscope

A

(1) support system
(2) magnification system
(3) illumination system
(4) adjustment system

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6
Q

the overall support

A

base or foot

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7
Q

supports the observation tube

A

arm or limb

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8
Q

objective changer

A

revolving nosepiece

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9
Q

holds the slide specimen in place

A

stage

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10
Q

The first group of lenses at the bottom of the tube, just above the object.

A

objective

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11
Q

The second group of lenses at the top of the tube.

A

eyepiece or ocular

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12
Q

Microscope that has only 1 eyepiece for viewing objects.

A

monocular microscope

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13
Q

Microscope which has 2 eyepieces for viewing objects , is used in most clinical laboratories because both eyes are used to view an object, thus reduces eyestrain.

A

binocular microscope

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14
Q

It refers to the ability of an optical system to enlarge an image of a specimen.

A

magnification

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15
Q

The number of times the image of an object is enlarged is expressed as:

A

magnifying power

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16
Q

magnifies 4 times

A

4x (scanning objective)

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17
Q

magnifies 10 times

A

10x (low-power objective/LPO)

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18
Q

magnifies 40 times

A

40x (high-power objective/HPO)

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19
Q

magnifies 100 times

A

100x (oil-immersion objective/OIO)

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20
Q

4x-, 10x-, and 40x- are called _____ objectives

A

dry

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21
Q

the _____ objective is called the oil immersion objective

A

100x

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22
Q

It has an electric bulb into the microscope beneath the stage, turned on by a main switch found near the the base of the microscope or arm of the microscope; can be halogen lamp or light emitting diode (LED)

A

light source or illuminator

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23
Q

located between the mirror and the stage; it brings the rays of light to a common focus on the object to be examined

A

condenser

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24
Q

a series of thin plates found inside the condenser, has a central aperture that can be adjusted to control the amount of light that passes into the condenser

A

iris diaphragm

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25
Q

it is fitted below the condenser, allows the passage of light of desired wavelength only

A

filter

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26
Q

used to balance light created by tungsten or halogen microscopic light

A

daylight blue filter

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27
Q

used to move the object slide on the stage

A

mechanical stage control knobs

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28
Q

What knob moves the specimen in a horizontal direction?

A

x-axis knob

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29
Q

What knob moves the specimen in a vertical direction?

A

y-axis knob

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30
Q

enables the observation tube of the microscope to rotate

A

observation tube adjustment clamp

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31
Q

The largest screw; used first to achieve an approximate focus. It is rotated to bring the specimen as close as possible to the objective.

A

coarse adjustment knob

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32
Q

This moves the objective more slowly; to bring the object into perfect/precise focus.

A

fine adjustment knob

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33
Q

used to raise the condenser for greater illumination or to lower it to reduce the illumination

A

condenser adjustment screw

34
Q

can be moved to close or open the diaphragm; thus reducing or increasing both the angle and intensity of light

A

iris diaphragm ring

35
Q

controls the mechanism for preventing collision between the specimen and the objective

A

pre-focusing knob

36
Q

regulates the eyepieces according to the distance between the eyes to observe only a single image through the eyepieces

A

interpupillary distance adjustment

37
Q

compensate for the difference in the eyesight between 2 eyes; it is adjusted by first focusing the right eye

A

diopter adjustment ring

38
Q

(3) properties of a good microscope

A

(1) magnification, (2) resolution, (3) contrast

39
Q

a point where parallel rays of light pass through a bi-convex lens and light rays are refracted (bent)

A

focal point

40
Q

the vertical plane in which the focal point lies

A

focal plane

41
Q

the distance from the center of the bi-convex lens to the focal plane

A

focal distance (or focal length)

42
Q

distance between the front principal lane of the lens and the object

A

object distance

43
Q

distance from the rear principal plane to the image

A

image distance

44
Q
  • an image which is located in the plane of convergence for the light rays (back focal plane)
  • appears inverted (reversed and upside-down)
A

real image

45
Q
  • perceived on the same side of the lens as the object
  • e.g: the image produced by a simple magnifying lens
  • formed in the retina of the eye, cannot be projected on a screen
  • ALWAYS appear upright (not inverted) to the observer
A

virtual image

46
Q

a primarily enlarged image is called?

A

intermediate image

47
Q

a secondarily enlarged image is called?

A

final image

48
Q

How is the total magnification of the microscope is derived?

A

(magnification values of the objective) x the eyepiece

ex: (10x objective) x (10x eyepiece) = 100x magnification

49
Q
  • the ability of the optical system to separate two closely adjacent objects into 2 distinct entities
  • determines microscopic image clarity and richness of detail
  • AKA “resolving power”
A

resolution

50
Q

What is the limit of resolution of unaided human eye?

A

0.1 mm

51
Q

What is the maximum resolving power of a light microscope with the highest magnification possible?

A

0.2 μm (or 0.0002 mm)

52
Q

Resolving power mathematical equation:

A

RP= λ/2ΝΑ or RP= 0.5 λ/ΝΑ

53
Q

λ

A

= represent the wavelength of light used

54
Q

NA (numerical aperture)

A

a measure of the microscope’s objective to gather light and resolve fine specimen detail at a fixed objective distance

  1. 1 = 4x
  2. 25 = 10x
  3. 65 = 40x
  4. 25 = 100x
55
Q

formula for numerical aperture

A

NA = n (sin μ)

where;
n (eta) = refractive index
μ (mu) = one-half of the angular aperture

56
Q

______ measure of the light-bending ability of the medium

A

refractive index

57
Q

angle between the microscope optical axis and the direction of the most oblique light rays captured by the objective

A

angular aperture (A)

58
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: high magnification = loss of resolution (reduces image quality)

A

TRUE

*At high magnifications, the accompanying loss if resolution reduces image quality.

59
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: lower numerical aperture = more highly resolved image

A

FALSE

*Higher values of numerical aperture allows increasingly oblique rays to enter the objective front lens, producing a more highly resolved image.

60
Q

it refers to the difference in the intensity between the object and its surroundings

A

contrast

61
Q

gathers light from the microscopic light source and concentrates it into a cone of light that illuminates the specimen with uniform intensity

A

substage condenser

62
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

↓ aperture of the iris diaphragm = ↓ brightness, ↑ contrast

A

TRUE

63
Q

the distance from the front lens element of the objective to the closest surface of the coverslip when the specimen is in sharp focus

A

working distance

64
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

↓ working distance = ↑ magnification, ↑ numerical aperture (NA)

A

TRUE

65
Q

working distance of 10x objective

A

5-6 mm

66
Q

working distance of 40x objective

A

0.5 - 1.5 mm

67
Q

working distance of 100x objective

A

0.15 - 0.20 mm

68
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

↑ field number (FN) = greater range of specimen features visible thru the eyepiece

A

TRUE

69
Q
  • the diameter (in mm) of the viewable specimen area with the fixed eyepiece magnification; varies between 6-8 mm
  • can be found etched beside the magnification of the eyepiece
A

field number (FN)

70
Q

the ability of an optical system to retain focus even when objective magnification is changed

A

parfocality

71
Q

enables the user to switch between objective magnification and keep specimen still within the field of view

A

parcentrality

72
Q

the recommended mechanical tube length of an optical microscope

A

usually 160 mm

73
Q

the recommended thickness in millimeters of the coverslip used to cover the object slide

A

0.17 mm

74
Q

the diameter of the view field measured in the specimen plane

A

actual field of view

75
Q

actual field of view computation

A

actual field of view = field number/ objective magnification

76
Q

10x LPO

A
  • for initial scanning during microscopic work in parasitology
77
Q

40x HPO

A
  • used for parasite morphologic studies
78
Q

100x OIO

A
  • used for microscopic examination of permanently-stained smears (esp. for morphologic examination of protozoa)
79
Q

4x objective

A
  • generally not used; provides too low magnification for detection of parasite
80
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Most microscopes are parfocal.

A

TRUE

81
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The coarse adjustment knob must be used when higher power objective is in position.

A

FALSE

*The fine adjustment knob should be used in HPO.

82
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

A good quality microscope is also parcentral so the image remains within the view field even when objectives are changed.

A

TRUE

CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY (1 decks)

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