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Biology 2024 > Excretory System - U1 AOS2 > Flashcards

Excretory System - U1 AOS2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the function of the kidney?

A

to remove metabolic wastes and to regulate the concentration of body fluids

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2
Q

what are metabolic wastes?

A

wastes that were once part of a cell of were created by a cell

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3
Q

what is excretion?

A

the removal of metabolic wastes from the internal environment of the body

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4
Q

what is urea?

A

a nitrogenous (toxic) waste product in the body

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5
Q

what leads to the nephrons in the kidney?

A

the renal artery, which splits into millions of smaller capillaries that lead into the nephrons

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6
Q

what is the function of the renal artery?

A

to bring unfiltered blood to the kidneys

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7
Q

what is the function of the nephrons?

A

to filter blood and reabsorb necessary particles

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8
Q

what is the function of the glomerulus?

A

to filter the blood based on size as it enters the nephron via the renal artery

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9
Q

what are some particles that are too large to be sifted through the glomerulus, and what happens to them?

A

proteins and red blood cells, and they continue to circulate in the blood stream

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10
Q

what are some particles that are small enough to be sifted through the glomerulus, and what happens to them?

A

urea, water, ions, glucose, amino acids and minerals, and they are collected by the bowman’s capsule

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11
Q

what is the blood called once it is filtered through the glomerulus and caught in the bowman’s capsule?

A

the filtrate

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12
Q

what is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

to reabsorb important particles back into the blood via diffusion, osmosis, and active transport

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13
Q

why is the proximal convoluted tubule a winding tube and not more direct?

A

to increase its surface area and therefore create more opportunities for/increase the efficiency of reabsorption

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14
Q

what is reabsorbed through osmosis in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

water

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15
Q

what is reabsorbed through diffusion in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

ions

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16
Q

what is reabsorbed through active transport in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

glucose, amino acids, and some ions

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17
Q

what is the function of the loop of henle?

A

to reabsorb water back into the blood via osmosis

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18
Q

what dictates the length of the loop of henle in an animal?

A

the drier the environment that the animal lives in, the longer the loop of henle, in order to create more opportunities for water reabsorption

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19
Q

what is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

to reabsorb some ions via active transport that are still in the filtrate

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20
Q

what is the filtrate called once it reaches the collecting duct?

A

urine

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21
Q

how much of the original filtrate (now urine) enters the collecting duct?

A

approximately 1%

22
Q

what happens to the urine once it passes through the collecting duct?

A

it passes into the renal pelvis in the kidney, then into the bladder via the ureter, where it is stored until it can be excreted via the urethra

23
Q

what is the best level for different features of an organism’s internal environment to be at called?

A

the optimal range

24
Q

what is the range of features of an organism’s internal environment in which it can survive, but it is not functioning optimally called?

A

the tolerance range

25
Q

what occurs beyond the tolerance range?

A

death

26
Q

what part of the body primarily controls regulation of the internal environment?

A

the brain

27
Q

what do organisms use to detect changes in the internal and external environment?

A

receptors (interoceptors detect changes in the internal environment, and exteroceptors detect changes in the external environment)

28
Q

what is a change called (in the internal or external environment)?

A

a stimulus

29
Q

what detects stimuli?

A

receptors

30
Q

what happens once a receptor detects a stimuli?

A

a response is initiated through either the endocrine or the nervoussystem to maintain internal stability

31
Q

what enacts the response that is initiated by the endocrine or nervous system?

A

an effector

32
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the tendency of biological systems to maintain relatively constant conditions in the internal environment whilst continuously interacting with and adjusting to changes originating within or outside the system

33
Q

how is homeostasis maintained?

A

through negative feedback loops

34
Q

what is a negative feedback loop?

A

a situation in which a change (a stimulus) in a given direction illicits a response in the opposite direction (the response is in the opposite direction of the stimulus)

35
Q

what do negative feedback loops result in?

A

small fluctuations on either side of the ideal point for the factor that is being regulated (due to the time it takes for a response to occur, be registered, and then for the stimulus to be reduced)

36
Q

what is osmoregulation?

A

controlling the amount of water that is in the body

37
Q

what are ways that water is input into the body?

A

through drinks, food, metabolism (e.g. breathing)

38
Q

what are ways that water is output out of the body?

A

through urine, sweat, faeces, tears, exhaling, evaporation from membranes, breastfeeding/lactating

39
Q

what can happen if there is too much fluid in the body?

A

it can build up around organs or in the lungs, and can reduce the ability of the heart to beat

40
Q

what can happen if there is not enough water in the body?

A

there can be a loss of blood pressure, meaning there is an inability to move substances such as oxygen or wastes around the body

41
Q

what hormones regulate water balance?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone

42
Q

what is the function of aldosterone?

A

causes the distal convoluted tubule to pump salts into the tissues surrounding it, creating a concentration gradient

43
Q

how does aldosterone affect water balance in the body?

A

if the area surrounding the distal convoluted tubule is more concentrated with salt than the area inside, then, via osmosis, the water inside the tubule will pass across the outer membrane of the tubule and into the tissue, therefore initiating reabsorption of water and preventing water loss

44
Q

what is the function of ADH?

A

increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, alowing more water to pass through and be reabsorbed into the blood

45
Q

when are ADH and aldosterone released in relation to each other?

A

they work together, therefore they are released at the same time if the body needs to conserve water, but if the body needs to get rid of water, their release is either stopped or reduced at the same time

46
Q

what is the function of the endocrine system/

A

to produce signalling molecules, called hormones

47
Q

what do hormones come into contact with as they travel around the body?

A

they come into contact with several different tissues, but only act on the ones that they are meant to act on

48
Q

what do target tissues have that allows hormones to specifically act on them?

A

receptors that are complementary shapes to the shapes of the hormones

49
Q

why will hormones not work on all types of tissue?

A

becuase only cells that have the appropriate receptors that fit the specific hormone will have a response caused by the hormones

50
Q

what is the hypothalamus?

A

a part of the brain that is part of the endocrine system

51
Q

what is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

to produce many hormones which control other endocrine glands

52
Q

how is ADH produced?

A

produced by the pituitary gland, and receptors for ADh are found in the kidney, which stimulates the reabsorption of water

Biology 2024 (1 decks)

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