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Animal Physiology > Excretory System > Flashcards

Excretory System Flashcards

1
Q

Immunological filter

A

Spleen and lymph nodes

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2
Q

Physiological filter

A

Kidney

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3
Q

Most toxic waste in humans

A

Ammonia

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4
Q

Do humans excrete ammonia?

A

No. They convert it into less toxic urea in the liver.

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5
Q

Why is ammonia toxic?

A

Amino acids cannot be used directly in energy production. So they are broken down and ammonia ion is released whereas the carbon and hydrogen can be metabolised. This ammonia ion when enters the cell it combines with free proton and forms ammonium ion which disturbs the pH of the cell making it alkaline/basic from acidic where outside the cell environment is acidic.

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6
Q

Ammonotelism is seen in ?

A

Bony fishes, aquatic amphibians, aquatic insects

Because Approximately 0.5 L of water is required per 1 g of nitrogen to keep ammonia levels in excretory fluid below the level in body fluids to avoid toxicity.

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7
Q

Ureotelism is seen in ?

A

Terrestrial amphibian, marine fishes

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8
Q

Uricotelism is seen in ?

A

Reptiles, birds, insect, land snails

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9
Q

Excretory structure of platyhelminthes?

A

Protonephridia or flame cells

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10
Q

Nephridia are excretory structure found in ?

A

Earthworm and annelids

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11
Q

Excretory structure of cockroach?

A

Malphigian tubules

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12
Q

Antennal or green glands are found in?

A

Crustaceans like prawns

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13
Q

What are the parts of human excretory system

A
  1. A pair of kidney
  2. Pair of ureter
  3. Urinary bladder
  4. Urethra
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14
Q

What is the position of kidney ?

A

Between last thoracic and third lumbar in the dorsal side of the abdominal cavity

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15
Q

The medial border of kidney is concaved and the center of the concavity is called _________ from which the ureter enters

A

Renal hilus /hilum

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16
Q

Inner to the hilum is a broad funnel shaped space called ?

A

Renal pelvis

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17
Q

Renal pelvis is not smooth. It has projections called ?

A

Calyces

18
Q

The cortex region of kidney extends in between the medullary pyramid as renal column called ?

A

Column of bertini

19
Q

How many nephron are present in each kidney ?

A

1.2 million in each

20
Q

Each nephron has 2 parts ?

A

Renal corpuscle/malphigian body and renal tubule

21
Q

The renal corpuscle is composed of

A

A glomerulus and a bowman’s capsule

22
Q

Does kidney help in removal of ammonia?

A

No.

23
Q

Renal tubule is composed of

A

Pct , Loh, dct and collecting duct

24
Q

Which parts of nephron are under conditional control?

A

DCT and CD

25
Q

Filtration slit of bowmans capsule is composed of which cells ?

A

Podocytes

26
Q

What are the 2 parts of Pct ?

A

Pars convolute - initial major convoluted portion

Pars recta - distal smaller straight portion

27
Q

Where does maximum reabsorption takes place?

A

PCT

28
Q

Why does maximum reabsorption take place in PCT

A

Because it has epithelial cells with extensive folding of the apical memberane containing microvilli .

29
Q

Descending limb of loop of henle is more thick or thin portion?

A

Thin

30
Q

Descending limb of loop of henle is permeable to only ?

A

Water

31
Q

Descending limb of loop of henle is composed of which cells?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

32
Q

How much absorption occurs in loop of henle?

A

15%

33
Q

Ascending limb of loop of henle has more thick or thin portion?

A

Thick

34
Q

Ascending limb of loop of henle is composed of which cells?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelial

35
Q

Ascending limb of loop of henle is permeable for ?

A

Sodium and other electrolytes

36
Q

What modification exists in the loh of desert animals?

A

Longer loop of henle

37
Q

Dct is impermeable to water but when stimulated by these two hormones, they conditionally absorb water.

A

Aldosterone and ADH

38
Q

Dct and CD help in balancing?

A

pH and water-electrolyte levels

39
Q

Collecting duct opens into ?

A

Renal pelvis —-> ureter

40
Q

Which 2 important cells are present in collecting duct?

A

P cells (principle cells) and I cells (type A intercalated cells) .

Animal Physiology (2 decks)

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