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Science : Sec 3 > Excretory, Respiratory, Lymphatic system > Flashcards

Excretory, Respiratory, Lymphatic system Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the 2 roles of the Respiratory system?

A
  1. Supply oxygen to body (So it can be used in cellular respiration)
  2. To remove waste (CO2) that is toxic to the human body
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2
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process when the body converts oxygen and sugars into energy in the form of ATP

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3
Q

What’s the purpose and function of nasal cavities?

A

Air goes through one of the two chambers in the nose lined with cilia and hair, they fixture dust particles (Nasal cavities are lined with mucus to moisten air)

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4
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

The tube where air will travel through

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5
Q

What are the 8 stops of the respiratory system. (In order)

A
  1. Nasal Cavity’s
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi
  6. Lungs
  7. Bronchioles
  8. Alveoli
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6
Q

What is the larynx?

A

It connects the pharynx to the trachea. The larynx has vocal cords that vibrate when we exhale

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7
Q

What’s the Trachea?

A

It’s made of cartilage rings that give it strength. The trachea has mucus that traps dust and Cilia inside trachea then pouches dust towards the top of the respiratory tract to protect the lungs

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8
Q

What’s the Bronchi?

A

The Trachea splits into 2 bronchi , the tubes are also made of cartilage rings and have cilia and mucus to remove dust from air

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9
Q

What are the lungs?

A

They have bronchioles and alveoli. The right lung has 3 lobes vs the left has 2 lobes

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10
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

The bronchi into smaller bronchioles and at the end of each bronchioles is many alveoli. The function of Bronchioles is to move air to alveoli

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11
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Thin and permeable which allows for gas exchange. The oxygen inhaled air cross easily across the membrane of alveoli. Oxygen reaches the capillaries and then the circulatory system. CO2 passes in the other direction

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12
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

Oxygen moves from the lungs to the bloodstream. At the same time carbon dioxide passes from the blood to the lungs.

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13
Q

What is inhalation?

A

-intercostal muscles contract and lift the ribs and sternum.
-diagram moves down towards the abdomen
-increasing volume of rib cage and lungs.
-Lungs expand
-less pressure is in the lungs

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14
Q

What is Exhalation?

A

-Air leaves the lungs
-muscles contract
-diaphragm relaxes
-Sternum and ribs move down
-diaphragm moves up
-decrease in volume of rib cage
-lungs pressure increases
-air is released

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15
Q

Inhalation info

A

Movement of air molecules from area of high concentration(outside the body) to low concentration (in lungs) This is how air enters the lungs and alveoli

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16
Q

Asthma

A

A reaction of respiratory system to substances present in the air. The sub irritate the bronchi (dust, smoke, pollen , gas). When you have an attack the bronchi contract and narrow, they then they swell and produce mucus, this makes it hard to breathe

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17
Q

What is interstitial fluid

A

Fluid in your cells. Nutrients absorbed from the digestive system gases exchanged from the respiratory system.

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18
Q

What are the parts of extracellular fluid?

A
  1. White blood cells
  2. Water
  3. Other sub from blood plasma
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19
Q

What is Cell Waste

A

Waste products are expelled from cells that go into extracellular fluid. The lymphatic system returns waste to blood and transports them to organs to get rid of them through the body

20
Q

What is the Lymph

A

the interstitial fluid is collected by lymphatic vessels so that fluid can be returned to circulatory system
When they collect the lymphatic vessels the fluid (made up of water) is called the lymph

21
Q

What is the lymphatic system and its function?

A

Carries lymph through a network of vessels, organs and lymph nodes

-Returns fluid to circuitry system
-Evacuates cell waste
-Carries antibody’s to neutralize antigens
-Transports molecules such as fats

22
Q

What are Subclavian veins

A

Moves oxygen-poor blood from your upper body back to your heart.

23
Q

What are lymphatic nodes and organs?

A

Dispersed along vessels (Durning infection these nodes with swollen or harden) They are filled with white blood cells that filter the lymph and protect body against viruses

-Thymus
-Spleen
-Bone Marrow
-Tonsils

24
Q

What is the immune system and its function?

A

It’s protects the body against antigens

25
Q

What are antigens?

A

Antigens are sub recognized as foreign by the body (Bacteria, viruses) that trigger the immune system

26
Q

Specific vs Non Specific immunity

A

Specific immunity is the bodys ability to protect itself against a specific antigen vs non specific immunity is the bodys ability to protect itself against a wide range of antigens

27
Q

How does non specific immunity work?

A

Skin acts as a barrier, movement of white blood vessels via diapedesis, surrounding and destruction of antigens via phagocytosis

28
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

The squeezing of white blood cells through the pores in the capillary membrane pores (movement)

29
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

It is the immunity as it surrounds and destroys foreign substances

30
Q

What are antibodies?

A

-Secreted by white blood cells
-recognize antigens attached to invaders
-They attach to antigens to kill invader
(Each antibody attaches to a specific antigen)

31
Q

How do we have immunity to specific diseases?

A

White blood cells remember how to make specific antibody’s

32
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

Artificial specific immunity can be given by vaccines, the vaccine triggers the production of antibody’s without causing illness.

33
Q

What are the 2 different vaccines?

A
  1. Viral vector vaccines: have dead or weakened antigens to trigger an immune response
  2. mRNA vaccines: contain instructions to make protein from the antigen which trigger an immune response
34
Q

What 2 sub need to be removed from the body? (excretory system)

A
  1. Carbon Dioxide (produced by the combustion of glucose and fats)
  2. Nitrogenous waste [produced by combustion of amino acids (protein building blocks)]
35
Q

What does the urinary system do?

A

It removes urea, other forms of nitrogenous waste and excess sub in the body (water minerals)

36
Q

What are the kidneys?

A

2 darks red bean shaped organs that filter blood, made up of millions of nephrons that filter nitrogenous waste and excess sub, from blood circulating in capillaries of the kidneys

37
Q

What is urine?

A

Sub filtered out of blood

38
Q

What is urine made up of?

A

Water= 95
Urea and other = 2.5
Mineral salts (electro lights) =rest

39
Q

What are the ureters?

A

connect each kidney to bladder and transport urine to bladder (25cm long)

40
Q

What is the bladder?

A

Pear shaped reservoir that store urine it holds about 1L of urine

41
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Transports urine from bladder to outside the body (3-4 cm in woman, 20cm in men) this is why woman have more urine problems (infection)

42
Q

What do the kidneys and urinary system do?

A

Maintains equilibrium, also know as homeostasis, kidneys filter blood and remove excess sub letting mineral salt, concentrations, blood pH and proportion of water in body

43
Q

What do the pituitary glands do?

A

They send messages to the brain monitoring blood composition and tell kidneys to adapt urine production to the changes it detects.

44
Q

What happens if you have excess water?

A

Volume of water in blood will increase and decrease the concentration of mineral salts. More urine will be produced and colour will be lighter as it is more diluted

45
Q

What happens if you have excess salts?

A

Concentration of mineral salts will increase in blood. Less urine will be produced and it will be darker since it is more concentrated

46
Q

What is hemodialysis?

A

If someone suffers from kidney failure, nitrogenous waste will accumulate in the body becoming toxic. Hemodialysis filters these peoples blood through a system acting like a fake kidney, this must be done several times a week HOWEVER humans can live with 1 kidney and often donate theirs.

Science : Sec 3 (1 decks)

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