Excretory Products

Question 1

Ammonia is excreted through?

Answer 1

Skin(body surface) and gills in form of NH4+

Question 2

Ammonotelic animals

Answer 2

Bony fishes, aquatic arthropods (crustaceans), amphibian larvae (tadpoles)

Question 3

Ureotelic animals

Answer 3

Cartilaginous fishes, adult amphibians, mammals

Question 4

Uricotelic animals

Answer 4

Reptiles, aves, terrestrial insects

Question 5

Protonephridia/flame cells are seen in?

Answer 5

Platyhelmenthis, rotifers, some annelids, cephalochordates like amphioxus

Question 6

Nephridia are seen in?

Answer 6

Earthworm and some annelids

Question 7

Malphigian tubules found in?

Answer 7

Insects like cockroaches

Question 8

Antennal/green gland in?

Answer 8

Crustaceans

Question 9

Kidney in?

Answer 9

Vertebrates

Question 10

Rennett cells (H-shaped) in?

Answer 10

Aschelmenthis

Question 11

Probosis gland in?

Answer 11

Hemichordates

Question 12

Coxal gland in?

Answer 12

Spider (arachnids)

Question 13

Which phylum does not have any excretory system?

Answer 13

Echinodermata
(They excrete ammonia through their respiratory system)

Question 14

J.G cells work during emergency to release?

Answer 14

A/Renin hormone- maintains gfr and bp
B/Erythropoitin- increase erythropoisis (formation of rbc)
C/Calcitriol- increase absorption of Ca2+ from gut.

Question 15

What are the effects of aldosterone on dct and cd?

Answer 15

Aldosterone hormone is released by adrenal gland and is responsible for increased absorption of Na+ and H2O from dct but ACTIVELY!!

Question 16

What are the effects of ADH on dct and cd?

Answer 16

Anti-Diuretic Hormone of the hypothalamus is a vasopressin and contracts blood vessels to increase blood pressure which then increases glomerular hydrostatic pressure, finally leading to increased GFR due to which H2O absorption increases in dct PASSIVELY!!

Question 17

Hyposecretion of ADH lead to?

Answer 17

Increased volume of urine => Diabetes insipidus

Question 18

RAAS

Answer 18

Inactive angiotensinogen from liver gets converted to angiotensin 1 (also inactive) by renin (released by JG cells) which then goes to lungs and convert to angiotensin 2 by ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme). This angiotensin 2:-
-Stimulates adrenal gland to release aldosterone which then increases absorption of Na+ and H2O from dct.
-Increases Na+ and H2O absorption from PCT!!
-Is a powerful vasoconstrictor, hence increases GFR.

Question 19

ANF(anti-natriuretic factor)

Answer 19

Antagonastic to RAAS.
RAAS increase BP by vasoconstriction and hence pressure on atrial walls.
Atrial walls then release anf which inhibits raas and decreases blood pressure as it is a powerful vasodilator.
(ANF is hence a diuretic)

Question 20

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 20

Presence of sugar in urine.Can be:-
/Glycosuria- presence of glucose in urine
/Ketonuria- presence of ketone in urine

Question 21

Renal calculi

Answer 21

Kidney stone, insoluble mass of crystallised salts(mainly Ca2+)

Question 22

Glomerulonephritis

Answer 22

Inflammation of glomeruli

Question 23

Gout/Gouty arthritis

Answer 23

Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystals in synovial fluid.

Question 24

Uric acid is excreted through the body of birds like PAVO(peacock) in form of?

Answer 24

Pellet or paste

Question 25

Ornithine cycle helps in the removal of which compunds?

Answer 25

Ammonia and CO2