Excitatory ionotropic mechanisms

Question 1

Current usually refers to the movement of what type of ions?

Answer 1

Positive ions.

Question 2

State Ohm’s law.

Answer 2

V = IR.

Question 3

Resistance = inverse of conductance. True or false?

Answer 3

True.

Question 4

List the ratios of Na+, K+, Cl- and Ca2+ in the ECF compared with the ICF.

Answer 4

K+ concentration is higher in the ICF. Na+ concentration is higher in the ECF. Ca2+ concentration is higher in the ECF (incredibly low concentration in the ICF). Cl- more concentrated in the ECF.

Question 5

Ion transporters are energy ___________.

Answer 5

dependent.

Question 6

What do ion transporters do? Give an example of an ion transporter.

Answer 6

Ion transporters actively move ions against their concentration gradient, thereby creating concentration gradients. For example, the Na+/K+ ATPase.

Question 7

How many subunits make up the Na+/K+ ATPase?

Answer 7

2.

Question 8

How many amino acid chains make up the alpha subunit of Na+/K+ ATPase?

Answer 8

1.

Question 9

Na+/K+ ATPase has multiple transmembrane spanning domains. True or false?

Answer 9

True.

Question 10

Na+/K+ ATPase has ___________ and ___________ subdomains.

Answer 10

hydrophilic, hydrophobic.

Question 11

Na+/K+ ATPase is an example of an ___ __________.

Answer 11

ion transporter.

Question 12

Name the six types of small molecule neurotransmitters mentioned in your lecture.

Answer 12

• Acetylcholine
• Amino acids
• Purines
• Catecholamines
• Indoleamine
• Imidazoleamine

P-I-A-C-I-A

Question 13

Name the small molecule amino acid neurotransmitters.

Answer 13

• glutamate (excitatory)
• GABA (inhibitory)
• glycine (inhibitory)
• aspartate (excitatory)

Question 14

Name the small molecule imidazoleamine neurotransmitters.

Answer 14

histamine.

Question 15

Name the small molecule catecholamine neurotransmitters.

Answer 15

• dopamine
• noradrenaline
• adrenaline

Question 16

Name the small molecule indoleamine neurotransmitters.

Answer 16

serotonin.

Question 17

Name the small molecule purine neurotransmitters.

Answer 17

ATP

Question 18

Peptide neurotransmitters are a huge class that includes many different peptides that are used by neurons mostly to MODULATE activity. True or false?

Answer 18

True.

Question 19

Fast synaptic transmission tends to occur via ____ _______ (_____-_______ ___ ________)(e.g. GABA and glutamate).

Answer 19

ionotropic receptors (ligand-gated ion channels)

Question 20

Slower synaptic transmssion tends to occur via _________ __________ (_-_______-______ ________)(e.g. catecholamines and peptides).

Answer 20

metabotropic receptors (g-protein-coupled receptors)

Question 21

Name the three classes of receptors mentioned in your lecture that bind to glutamate.

Answer 21

AMPA, NMDA, Kainate.

Question 22

There are two types of ACh receptors. Name and distinguish the two based on their speed.

Answer 22

nACh - nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (FAST transmission, they are ionotropic receptors)
mACh - muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (SLOW transmission, they are metabotropic receptors)

Question 23

Is acetylcholine’s post synaptic effect excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 23

Excitatory.

Question 24

The post-synaptic effect of the catecholamine neurotransmittors, as well as that of histamine, serotonin and ATP is _________.

Answer 24

excitatory.

Question 25

Glutamate ionotropic receptors are ___-________ ______ _________.

Answer 25

non-selective cation channels.

Question 26

The AMPA receptor is a _ ____________ ________ ________.

Answer 26

3 transmembrane spanning domain.

Question 27

How is glutamate different from GABA?

Answer 27

Glutamate has an extra carboxyl group attached. To change glutamate into GABA, only decarboxylation must occur. They are very similar in structure!!!

Question 28

Glutamate and GABA are very similar in terms of structure. How does a glutamate receptor distinguish between the two?

Answer 28

• each of the pleated sheets of the binding pocket of the receptor has specific amino acid groups associated with it
• the oxygen groups of glutamate’s carboxyl interact with amino acids R and T.

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