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Neurology > Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurotransmission > Flashcards

Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurotransmission Flashcards

1
Q

What does an entry of +ve ions or an exit of -ve ions result in?

A

A positive change

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2
Q

What does an exit of +ve ions or entry of -ve ions result in?

A

A negative change

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3
Q

What do neurons regulate regarding transmitter discharge?

A

The timing and location by invoking the mechanisms of excitation and inhibition

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4
Q

What occurs in the opening of Na channels?

A

Inward flow - depolarisation, excitatory

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5
Q

What occurs in the opening of Ca channels?

A

Inward flow - depolarisation, excitatory

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6
Q

What occurs in the opening of Cl channels?

A

Inward flow- hyperpolarisation, inhibitory

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7
Q

What occurs in the opening of K channels?

A

Outward flow- hyperpolarisation, inhibitory

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8
Q

Does a Na channel agonist cause excitation or inhibition?

A

Excitation

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9
Q

Does a Na channel antagonist cause excitation or inhibition?

A

Inhibition

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10
Q

Does a K channel agonist cause excitation or inhibition?

A

Inhibition

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11
Q

Does a K channel antagonist cause excitation or inhibition?

A

Excitation

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12
Q

What can inactivate neurotransmitters?

A

Enzymes

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13
Q

What happens when neurotransmitters are returned to axon terminals?

A

Reuse, transported into glial cells

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14
Q

How can neurotransmitters leave the synaptic cleft?

A

Diffusion

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15
Q

In what two ways may neurotransmitters act on ion channels?

A

Directly or indirectly

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16
Q

What is direct gating carried out by?

A

Ionotropic receptors

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17
Q

What is indirect gating mediated by?

A

Activation of metabotropic receptors

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18
Q

What is a key feature of an ionotropic receptor?

A

Receptor is an integral component of the molecule that forms the channel it controls

19
Q

What is significant about metabotropic receptors and the channel it controls?

A

They are distinct

20
Q

Which ligand-gated channels are pentamers?

A

GABAa, Glycine and ACh (nicotinic) channels

21
Q

Which ligand-gated channels are tetramers?

A

Glutamate channels

22
Q

How can ionotropic glutamate receptors be classified?

A

Via their response to non-endogenous agonists that mimic glutamate

23
Q

What do non-NMDA receptors do?

A

Bind the agonists kainate or AMPA controlling a channel permable to Na+ and K+. Mediate fast excitatory transmission

24
Q

What do NMDA receptors do?

A

Control a channel permeable to Na+, Ca2+ and K+. Contribute a slow component to the excitatory synaptic potential

25
Q

Why are NMDA receptors thought to promote neurotoxicity?

A

High permeability to Ca2+

26
Q

What 2 receptors does GABA act on?

A

Ionotropic GABAa receptor (Cl- channel) and metabotropic GABAb receptor (K+ channel)

27
Q

What is benxodiazepines moa?

A

Positive allosteric modulator of the GABAa receptor so enhance Cl entry, decrease rmp, and enhance inhibition in presence of GABA

28
Q

What are barbiturates moa?

A

Similar to benzos and potentiates the effect of GABA at the GABAa receptor

29
Q

What is Baclofen’s moa?

A

Agonist of the GABAb receptor so enhances the K current (and increase inhibition)

30
Q

What is glycine released by in the spinal cord?

A

Interneurones to inhibit antagonist muscles motoneurones

31
Q

What do ionotropic channels function as?

A

On-off switches

32
Q

Which receptor gating of ion channels if faster?

A

Ionotropic (ms), metabotropic is slower (tens of ms)

33
Q

What kind of action do metabotropic receptors have?

A

Modulatory synaptic actions

34
Q

What are some modulatory actions of metabotropic receptors?

A

Acting on channels in presynaptic terminal to modulate transmitter release, modulating transmitter-gated channels to regulate the size of the post synaptic potential, modulate resting and voltage-gated ion channels in the neuronal soma to alter resting Em and AP firing pattern

35
Q

What is a fast EPSP due to?

A

Activation of nicotinic (ionotropic) ACh receptors. Channels conduct Na+ and K+

36
Q

What does a slow EPSP follow?

A

Activation of muscarinic (GPCR) ACh receptors. ACh closes a K+ channel (M-type)

37
Q

What is the EPSP?

A

A depolarizing change in rmp caused by the actions of excitatory neurotransmission. Multiple EPSPs or very large EPSPs can cause rmp to cross threshold and result in an Action Potential (AP)

38
Q

What is the IPSP?

A

Negative change in rmp caused by release of an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Inhibits crossing of the threshold and inhibits AP.

39
Q

What is the graded potential?

A

A change in the rmp caused by an EPSP or IPSP, such a change is caused by (inhibitory or excitatory) neurotransmitter release and is not of a magnitude large enough to cross threshold and result in an AP

40
Q

What increases the amplitude of the graded potential, and what does this mean?

A

Sodium entry, the higher the amplitude the further the spread of signal

41
Q

What is an interneurone?

A

A locally-acting neurone, typically releases GABA and so brings about an IPSP and inhibition, function is local processing of information

42
Q

What are neurotransmitters released in?

A

Discrete packages called quanta

43
Q

What are some strategies to increase quantal release?

A

Extensive innervation, mega humongous presynapse

Neurology (27 decks)

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