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Pharmaceutics I > Excipients > Flashcards

Excipients Flashcards

1
Q

INGREDIENT TYPE

Acidifying agent

A

Used in liquid preparations to provide acidic medium
for product stability

  • *1) Citric acid
    2) Acetic acid
    3) Fumaric acid**
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2
Q

Alkalinizing agent

A

Used in liquid preparations to provide alkaline medium
for product stability

  1. Ammonia solution
  2. Ammonium carbonate
  3. Diethanolamine
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3
Q

**Adsorbent **

A

An agent capable of holding other molecules onto its
surface by physical or chemical (chemisorption) means

  1. Powdered cellulose
  2. Activated charcoal
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4
Q

**Aerosol propellant **

A

Agent responsible for developing the pressure within
an aerosol container and expelling the product when
the valve is opened

  1. Carbon dioxide
  2. Dichlorodifl uoromethane
  3. Dichlorotetrafl uoroethane
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5
Q

Air displacement

A

Agent employed to displace air in a hermetically sealed
container to enhance product stability

  1. Nitrogen
  2. Carbon dioxide
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6
Q

**Antifungal preservative **

A

Used in liquid and semisolid preparations to prevent
growth of fungi. Effectiveness of parabens is usually
enhanced by use in combination

  1. Butylparaben
  2. Ethylparaben
  3. Methylparaben
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7
Q

Antimicrobial preservative

A

** Used in liquid and semisolid preparations to prevent
growth of microorganisms**

  1. Benzalkonium chloride
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8
Q

Antioxidant

A

Used to prevent deterioration of preparations by oxidation

  1. Ascorbic acid
  2. Ascorbyl palmitate
  3. Butylated hydroxyanisole
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9
Q

Buffering agent

A

Used to resist change in pH upon dilution or addition
of acid or alkali

  1. Potassium metaphosphate
  2. Potassium phosphate,
  3. monobasic
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10
Q

**Chelating agent **

A

Substance that forms stable water-soluble complexes (chelates) with metals; used in some liquid pharmaceuticals as stabilizers to complex heavy metals that might promote instability. In such use, they are also called sequestering agents

  1. Edetic acid
  2. Edetate disodium
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11
Q

Colorant

A

Used to impart color to liquid and solid (e.g., tablets
and capsules) preparations

  1. FD&C Red No. 3
  2. FD&C Red No. 20
  3. FD&C Yellow No. 6
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12
Q

Clarifying agent

A

Used as a filtering aid for its adsorbent qualities

  1. Bentonite
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13
Q

Emulsifying agent

A

Used to promote and maintain dispersion of finely subdivided particles of liquid in a vehicle in which it is immiscible. End product may be a liquid emulsion or semisolid emulsion (e.g., a cream)

  1. Acacia
  2. Cetomacrogol
  3. Cetyl alcohol
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14
Q

Encapsulating agent

A

Used to form thin shells to enclose a drug for ease of administration

  1. Gelatin
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15
Q

**Flavorant **

A

Used to impart a pleasant flavor and often odor to a preparation. In addition to the natural flavorants listed, many synthetic ones are used

  1. Anise oil
  2. Cinnamon oil
  3. Cocoa
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16
Q

Humectant

A

Used to prevent drying of preparations, particularly ointments
and creams

  1. Glycerin
  2. Propylene glycol
  3. Sorbitol
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17
Q

**Levigating agent **

A

Liquid used as an intervening agent to reduce the particle size of a powder by grinding, usually in a mortar

  1. Mineral oil
  2. Glycerin
  3. Propylene glycol
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18
Q

Ointment base

A

Semisolid vehicle for medicated ointments

  1. Lanolin
  2. Hydrophilic ointment
  3. Polyethylene glycol ointment
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19
Q

Plasticizer

A

Component of fi lm-coating solutions to make fi lm more pliable,
enhance spread of coat over tablets, beads, and granules

  1. Diethyl phthalate
  2. Glycerin
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20
Q

Solvent

A

Used to dissolve another substance in preparation of a solution; may be aqueous or not (e.g., oleaginous). Cosolvents, such as water and alcohol (hydroalcoholic) and water and glycerin, may be used when needed. Sterile solvents are used in certain preparations (e.g., injections)

  1. Alcohol
  2. Corn oil
  3. Cottonseed oil
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21
Q

Stiffening agent

A

Used to increase thickness or hardness of a preparation, usually an ointment

  1. Cetyl alcohol
  2. Cetyl esters wax
  3. Microcrystalline wax
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22
Q

Suppository base

A

Vehicle for suppositories

  1. Cocoa butter
  2. Polyethylene glycols (mixtures)
  3. PEG 3350
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23
Q

Surfactant (surface
active agent)

A

Substances that absorb to surfaces or interfaces to
reduce surface or interfacial tension. May be used
as wetting agents, detergents, or emulsifying agents

  1. Benzalkonium chloride
  2. Nonoxynol 10
  3. Octoxynol 9
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24
Q

Suspending agent

A

Viscosity-increasing agent used to reduce sedimentation
rate of particles in a vehicle in which they are
not soluble; suspension may be formulated for oral,
parenteral, ophthalmic, topical, or other route

  1. Agar
  2. Bentonite
  3. Carbomer (e.g., Carbopol)
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25
Q

Sweetening agent

A

Used to impart sweetness to a preparation

  1. Aspartame
  2. Dextrose
  3. Glycerin
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26
Q

Tablet antiadherents

A

** Prevent tablet ingredients from sticking to punches
and dies during production**

  1. Magnesium stearate
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27
Q

Tablet binders

A

Substances used to cause adhesion of powder
particles in tablet granulations

  1. Acacia
  2. Alginic acid
  3. Carboxymethylcellulose sodium
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28
Q

Tablet and capsule
diluent

A

Inert fi ller to create desired bulk, fl ow properties,
and compression characteristics of tablets and
capsules

  1. Dibasic calcium phosphate
  2. Kaolin
  3. Lactose
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29
Q

Tablet coating agent

A

Used to coat a tablet to protect against decomposition
by atmospheric oxygen or humidity, to provide a desired
release pattern, to mask taste or odor, or for aesthetic
purposes. Coating may be sugar, fi lm, or thick covering
around a tablet. Sugar-coated tablets generally start to
break up in the stomach. Film forms a thin cover
around a formed tablet or bead. Unless it is enteric, fi lm
dissolves in the stomach. Enteric coating passes through
the stomach to break up in the intestines. Some
water-insoluble coatings (e.g., ethylcellulose) are used
to slow the release of drug in the gastrointestinal tract

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30
Q

Sugar coating

A
  1. Liquid glucose
  2. Sucrose
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31
Q

Film coating

A
  1. Hydroxyethyl cellulose
  2. Hydroxypropyl cellulose
  3. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
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32
Q

Enteric coating

A
  1. ** Cellulose acetate phthalate**
  2. Shellac (35% in alcohol,
  3. pharmaceutical glaze)
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33
Q

Tablet direct compression
excipient

A

Used in direct compression tablet formulations

  1. Dibasic calcium phosphate

(e.g., Ditab)

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34
Q

Tablet disintegrant

A

Used in solid forms to promote disruption of the mass
into smaller particles more readily dispersed or
dissolved

  1. Alginic acid
  2. Polacrilin potassium (e.g., Amberlite)
  3. Sodium alginate
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35
Q

Tablet glidant

A

Used in tablet and capsule formulations to improve fl ow
properties of the powder mixture

  1. Colloidal silica
  2. Cornstarch
  3. Talc
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36
Q

Tablet lubricant

A

Used in tablet formulations to reduce friction during
tablet compression

  1. Calcium stearate
  2. Magnesium stearate
  3. Mineral oil
37
Q

Tablet or capsule opaquant

A

** Used to render a coating opaque. May be used alone or
with a colorant**

  1. Titanium dioxide
38
Q

Tablet polishing agent

A

Used to impart an attractive sheen to coated tablets

  1. Carnauba wax
  2. White wax
39
Q

Tonicity agent

A

Used to render solution similar in osmotic-dextrose
characteristics to physiologic fl uids, e.g., in ophthalmic,
parenteral, and irrigation fl uids

  1. Sodium chloride
40
Q

Vehicle

A

Carrying agent used in formulating a variety of liquids
for oral and parenteral administration
Generally, oral liquids are aqueous (e.g., syrups) or
hydroalcoholic (e.g., elixirs). Solutions for intravenous
use are aqueous, whereas intramuscular injections may
be aqueous or oleaginous

41
Q

Flavored, sweetened

A
  1. Acacia syrup
  2. Aromatic syrup
  3. Aromatic elixir
42
Q

Oleaginous

A
  1. Corn oil
  2. Mineral oil
  3. Peanut oil
43
Q

Sterile

A
  1. Bacteriostatic sodium
  2. chloride injection
44
Q

Viscosity-increasing agent

A

Used to render preparations more resistant to
fl ow. Used in suspensions to deter sedimentation,
in ophthalmic solutions to enhance contact
time (e.g., methylcellulose), to thicken topical
creams, etc.

  1. Alginic acid
  2. Bentonite
  3. Carbomer
45
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used in liquid preparations to provide acidic medium
for product stability

  • *1) Citric acid
    2) Acetic acid
    3) Fumaric acid**
A

Acidifying agent

46
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used in liquid preparations to provide alkaline medium
for product stability

  1. Ammonia solution
  2. Ammonium carbonate
  3. Diethanolamine
A

Alkalinizing agent

47
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

An agent capable of holding other molecules onto its
surface by physical or chemical (chemisorption) means

  1. Powdered cellulose
  2. Activated charcoal
A

**Adsorbent **

48
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Agent responsible for developing the pressure within
an aerosol container and expelling the product when
the valve is opened

  1. Carbon dioxide
  2. Dichlorodifl uoromethane
  3. Dichlorotetrafl uoroethane
A

**Aerosol propellant **

49
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Agent employed to displace air in a hermetically sealed
container to enhance product stability

  1. Nitrogen
  2. Carbon dioxide
A

Air displacement

50
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used in liquid and semisolid preparations to prevent
growth of fungi. Effectiveness of parabens is usually
enhanced by use in combination

  1. Butylparaben
  2. Ethylparaben
  3. Methylparaben
A

**Antifungal preservative **

51
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

** Used in liquid and semisolid preparations to prevent
growth of microorganisms**

  1. Benzalkonium chloride
A

Antimicrobial preservative

52
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used to prevent deterioration of preparations by
oxidation

  1. Ascorbic acid
  2. Ascorbyl palmitate
  3. Butylated hydroxyanisole
A

Antioxidant

53
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used to resist change in pH upon dilution or addition
of acid or alkali

  1. Potassium metaphosphate
  2. Potassium phosphate,
  3. monobasic
A

Buffering agent

54
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Substance that forms stable water-soluble complexes (chelates) with metals; used in some liquid pharmaceuticals as stabilizers to complex heavy metals that might promote instability. In such use, they are also called sequestering agents

  1. Edetic acid
  2. Edetate disodium
A

**Chelating agent **

55
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used to impart color to liquid and solid (e.g., tablets
and capsules) preparations

  1. FD&C Red No. 3
  2. FD&C Red No. 20
  3. FD&C Yellow No. 6
A

Colorant

56
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used as a filtering aid for its adsorbent qualities

  1. Bentonite
A

Clarifying agent

57
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used to promote and maintain dispersion of finely subdivided particles of liquid in a vehicle in which it is immiscible. End product may be a liquid emulsion or semisolid emulsion (e.g., a cream)

  1. Acacia
  2. Cetomacrogol
  3. Cetyl alcohol
A

Emulsifying agent

58
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used to form thin shells to enclose a drug for ease of administration

  1. Gelatin
A

Encapsulating agent

59
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used to impart a pleasant flavor and often odor to a preparation. In addition to the natural flavorants listed, many synthetic ones are used

  1. Anise oil
  2. Cinnamon oil
  3. Cocoa
A

**Flavorant **

60
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used to prevent drying of preparations, particularly ointments and creams

  1. Glycerin
  2. Propylene glycol
  3. Sorbitol
A

Humectant

61
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Liquid used as an intervening agent to reduce the particle size of a powder by grinding, usually in a mortar

  1. Mineral oil
  2. Glycerin
  3. Propylene glycol
A

**Levigating agent **

62
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Semisolid vehicle for medicated ointments

  1. Lanolin
  2. Hydrophilic ointment
  3. Polyethylene glycol ointment
A

Ointment base

63
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Component of film-coating solutions to make film more pliable, enhance spread of coat over tablets, beads, and granules

  1. Diethyl phthalate
  2. Glycerin
A

Plasticizer

64
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used to dissolve another substance in preparation of a solution; may be aqueous or not (e.g., oleaginous). Cosolvents, such as water and alcohol (hydroalcoholic) and water and glycerin, may be used when needed. Sterile solvents are used in certain preparations (e.g., injections)

  1. Alcohol
  2. Corn oil
  3. Cottonseed oil
A

Solvent

65
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used to increase thickness or hardness of a preparation, usually an ointment

  1. Cetyl alcohol
  2. Cetyl esters wax
  3. Microcrystalline wax
A

Stiffening agent

66
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Vehicle for suppositories

  1. Cocoa butter
  2. Polyethylene glycols (mixtures)
  3. PEG 3350
A

Suppository base

67
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Substances that absorb to surfaces or interfaces to
reduce surface or interfacial tension. May be used
as wetting agents, detergents, or emulsifying agents

  1. Benzalkonium chloride
  2. Nonoxynol 10
  3. Octoxynol 9
A

Surfactant (surface
active agent)

68
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Viscosity-increasing agent used to reduce sedimentation
rate of particles in a vehicle in which they are
not soluble; suspension may be formulated for oral,
parenteral, ophthalmic, topical, or other route

  1. Agar
  2. Bentonite
  3. Carbomer (e.g., Carbopol)
A

Suspending agent

69
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used to impart sweetness to a preparation

  1. Aspartame
  2. Dextrose
  3. Glycerin
A

Sweetening agent

70
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

** Prevent tablet ingredients from sticking to punches
and dies during production**

  1. Magnesium stearate
A

Tablet antiadherents

71
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Substances used to cause adhesion of powder
particles in tablet granulations

  1. Acacia
  2. Alginic acid
  3. Carboxymethylcellulose sodium
A

Tablet binders

72
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Inert filler to create desired bulk, flow properties, and compression characteristics of tablets and capsules

  1. Dibasic calcium phosphate
  2. Kaolin
  3. Lactose
A

Tablet and capsule
diluent

73
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used to coat a tablet to protect against decomposition by atmospheric oxygen or humidity, to provide a desired release pattern, to mask taste or odor, or for aesthetic purposes. Coating may be sugar, fi lm, or thick covering around a tablet. Sugar-coated tablets generally start to break up in the stomach. Film forms a thin cover around a formed tablet or bead. Unless it is enteric, film dissolves in the stomach. Enteric coating passes through the stomach to break up in the intestines. Some water-insoluble coatings (e.g., ethylcellulose) are used to slow the release of drug in the gastrointestinal tract

A

Tablet coating agent

74
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

  1. Liquid glucose
  2. Sucrose
A

Sugar coating

75
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

  1. Hydroxyethyl cellulose
  2. Hydroxypropyl cellulose
  3. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
A

Film coating

76
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

  1. ** Cellulose acetate phthalate**
  2. Shellac (35% in alcohol,
  3. pharmaceutical glaze)
A

Enteric coating

77
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used in direct compression tablet formulations

  1. Dibasic calcium phosphate

(e.g., Ditab)

A

Tablet direct compression
excipient

78
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used in solid forms to promote disruption of the mass into smaller particles more readily dispersed or dissolved

  1. Alginic acid
  2. Polacrilin potassium (e.g., Amberlite)
  3. Sodium alginate
A

Tablet disintegrant

79
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used in tablet and capsule formulations to improve flow properties of the powder mixture

  1. Colloidal silica
  2. Cornstarch
  3. Talc
A

Tablet glidant

80
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used in tablet formulations to reduce friction during
tablet compression

  1. Calcium stearate
  2. Magnesium stearate
  3. Mineral oil
A

Tablet lubricant

81
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

** Used to render a coating opaque. May be used alone or
with a colorant**

  1. Titanium dioxide
A

Tablet or capsule opaquant

82
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used to impart an attractive sheen to coated tablets

  1. Carnauba wax
  2. White wax
A

Tablet polishing agent

83
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used to render solution similar in osmotic-dextrose characteristics to physiologic fluids, e.g., in ophthalmic, parenteral, and irrigation fluids

  1. Sodium chloride
A

Tonicity agent

84
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Carrying agent used in formulating a variety of liquids for oral and parenteral administration. Generally, oral liquids are aqueous (e.g., syrups) or hydroalcoholic (e.g., elixirs). Solutions for intravenous use are aqueous, whereas intramuscular injections may be aqueous or oleaginous

A

Vehicle

85
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

  1. Acacia syrup
  2. Aromatic syrup
  3. Aromatic elixir
A

Flavored, sweetened

86
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

  1. Corn oil
  2. Mineral oil
  3. Peanut oil
A

Oleaginous

87
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

  1. Bacteriostatic sodium
  2. chloride injection
A

Sterile

88
Q

What is the Ingredient Type for:

Used to render preparations more resistant to flow. Used in suspensions to deter sedimentation, in ophthalmic solutions to enhance contact
time (e.g., methylcellulose), to thicken topical creams, etc.

  1. Alginic acid
  2. Bentonite
  3. Carbomer
A

Viscosity-increasing agent

Pharmaceutics I (7 decks)

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