Exchange Wrong Answerss Flashcards

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1
Q

adv of counter current system

A

blood and water flow in opposite directions maintaining the steepest concentration gradient at all times. blood always passes water with the highest oxygen concentration, diffusion occurs across the whole length of the lamellae

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2
Q

growth of xerophytic plants vs sunflowers

A

slower growth due to small number of stomata. growth may continue at lower water potentials due to adaptations in enzymes for photosynthesis and respiration

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3
Q

consequence of growing plants in soil with little water

A

closed stomata so no carbon dioxide upake for photosynthesis

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4
Q

journey of an oxygen molecule into the blood from the alveolus

A

diffuses across the alveolar epithelium and across the epithelium of the capillary

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5
Q

golgi apparatus role in micelle absorption

A

modifies the triglycerides and combines them with proteins, they become packaged for release

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6
Q

adv of micelles and droplets

A

droplets increase surface area causing a high, faster rate of hydrolysis.
micelles carry fa’s and mg’s to the membrane and release them so they can be absorbed by diffusion. micelles make them more soluble in water.

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7
Q

process of micelle absorption

A

combine bile salts with fatty acids/monoglycerides
make them more soluble in water
releases them across the membrane
absorbed by diffusion
reform triglycerides in cell
moved to membrane by vesicles

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8
Q

to improve scientific drawings

A

single lines, labels, scale, parts drawn to scale, no shading

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9
Q

lowest blood pressure of all vessels

A

the vena cava

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10
Q

action of the aorta

A

elastic recoil of the aortic wall maintains a steady/smooth rate of blood flow

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11
Q

highest ventricular pressure

A

left ventricle. it pumps blood to the entire rest of the body, not just the lungs.

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12
Q

how does AVV maintain a unidirectional flow of blood

A

closes when VP higher than AP
opens when AP higher than VP

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13
Q

binding of HmG for sigmoid dissociatin

A

the first oxygen to bind causes a change in the tertiary structure and causes another binding site to be uncovered so a second molecule can easily bind.

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14
Q

ventricular volume changes connected to valve openings/closings

A

Ventricular volume large = SL opens
Ventricular vol decreases after SL opens
AV shuts then SL opens
SL shuts then AV opens

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15
Q

consequence of a blockage in lymph system

A

excess tissue fluid cannot be reabsorbed

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16
Q

air is forced out tracheole ends in movement

A

gases diffuse faster in air than water so oxygen to respiring cells faster

17
Q

why do insects pump abdomens when spiracles are closed

A

to force a mass flow of air into the tracheole ends and increase the concentration gradient for diffusion.

18
Q

how can xylem cope with high pressures from tension

A

thickened walls to prevent collapse

19
Q

ringing in summer vs winter

A

in summer, higher rate of PS due to higher LI, temperature etc. higher production of sugars so more accumulation around ringed phloem.

20
Q

high affinity for oxygen means

A

absorbs more oxygen at lower pp02

21
Q

hmg structure

A

2 pairs of polypeptide chains, each with a haem group and Fe2+ ion attached

22
Q

different primary structure of hmg leads to

A

different TS so different affinities for oxygen

23
Q

why does hmg only release one oxygen and reserves 3 on its self when the body is in rest

A

because if it released them all there would be none in reserve to supply the tissues when the body is more active

24
Q

benefit of constricting lumen

A

RBCs are flattened against cell wall, forcing them to go slower so there is more time for diffusion

25
Q

why do plants need a large surface area

A

to capture light for PS

26
Q

mixing of blood in heart

A

only partially oxygenated and deoxygenated blood reaches the lungs and tissues. the supply of oxygen to the lungs is inadequate so the diffusion gradient decreases. limits rate of o2 uptake.

27
Q

training affects the heart

A

builds up heart muscles so stroke volume increases. if cardiac output has stayed the same and SV has gone up that means hear rate has to decrease.

28
Q

effect on co2 on hmg curve

A

shifts curve right, hmg less saturated

29
Q

ice fish can survive in arctic waters without a specialised system

A

temp low so respiration low so do not need much oxygen. they can survive from dissolved oxygen from the water

30
Q

translocation

A

sucrose is actively transported into the sieve tube elements by companion cells which decreases the water potential so water is drawn in by osmosis from the xylem. increases hydrostatic pressure so mass flow of movement down to sink where sucrose is used for respiration or for storage

31
Q

high temps effect on phloem pressure

A

higher rates of transpiration as more water evaporates from stomata. higher tension in xylem so less water movement from xylem to phloem, decreasing pressure.

32
Q

describe cohesion tension theory

A

water transpired, the lower water potential creates tension. cohesion maintains the column of water

33
Q

heat treatment effect on xylem

A

xylem movement is passive so heat does not affect it