3.2 Cells Flashcards
What are the 6 similarities between prokaryote and eukaryote cells?
Chromosomes, DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, sometimes cell walls and a vacuole.
What are the 8 components a prokaryotic cell has that a eukaryotic cell does not?
Nucleoid, circular DNA, simpler DNA, no membrane bound organelles, smaller, binary fission, unicellular, anaerobic and aerobic.
What are the 8 components that a eukaryotic cell has which a prokaryotic cell does not?
Nucleus, linear DNA, complex DNA, membrane bound organelles, larger, mitosis and meiosis, multicellular and aerobic.
What is created from Mitosis and Meiosis?
Mitosis - 2 identical copies created
Meiosis - 4 with 1/2 DNA to create gametes
What do plasma membranes do?
They control the passage of substances across exchange surfaces by passive/active transport.
What are Plasmodesmata?
Small channels directly connecting the cytoplasm of neighbouring plant cells to each other, creating living bridges.
What is Chitin?
A large polysaccharide made from chains of modified glucose. It’s found in exoskeletons of insects, fungi cell walls and structures in invertebrates and fish.
What does a nuclear envelope consist of?
What does it have?
Two lipid bilayer membranes, an inner nuclear membrane and an outer nuclear one.
It has many nuclear pores that allow materials to move by cytosol and the nucleus.
What features do bacteria cells have?
Single circular DNA free in the cytoplasm, has 1 or more plasmids and flagella, a capsule surrounding the cell and they replicate by binary fission.
What are viruses?
Non living and acellular.
Where are CSM or PM?
What do they contain?
What do they control?
What do receptor molecules do?
Outside of animal cells or inside cell wall of others.
Contains lipids & proteins.
Controls in and out movements.
Receptor molecules to respond to chemicals (hormones.)
What is the nucleus surrounded by?
What does it contain?
What do pores allow it to do?
What does the nucleolus make?
A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope.
Contains chromosomes (linear DNA.)
Pores allow substances to move between cytoplasm and nucleus.
The nucleolus makes ribosomes.
What does the mitochondrian have?
What does it contain?
Has a double membrane, the inner one is folded to form cristae.
Contain enzymes for aerobic respiration.
More are found in cells needing a lot of ATP.
What are chloroplasts?
Surrounded by?
Small flat structures in plant/algal cells.
Surrounded by double membrane and inside has Thylakoid membranes.
What is lamellae?
A thin, flat thylakoid membrane.
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
Makes?
fluid filled flat sacs which process and package lipids/proteins.
it makes lysosomes.
What are the Golgi vesicles?
Stores?
Small fluid filled sacs by the Golgi Apparatus, outside of the apparatus.
Stores lipids/proteins made by G.A and transports them out.
What are lysosomes?
Digests?
digests invading/unwanted parts of the cell. membrane bound organelle which secretes hydrolytic enzymes (lysozymes)
What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
A system of membranes with ribosomes on the outer surface, transports and synthesises proteins and glycoproteins made by the ribosomes.
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A system of membranes with no ribosomes on the outer surface. Site of synthesis, transportation and storage of lipids and carbohydrates.
What is the function of cell wall?
provides rigidity to the cell and stops the cell from bursting by exerting inward pressure to prevent osmosis.
this enables turgidity which makes parts of the plant semi-rigid.
What is the vacuole?
Contains?
Surrounded by?
Keeps it?
Isolates?
A membrane bound organelle in cytoplasm.
Contains sap.
Surrounded by a tonoplast (a membrane.)
Keeps it ridged & helps maintain pressure.
Isolates unwanted chemicals inside the cell.
What happens in G0?
When a cell will leave the cycle and quit dividing. Either in a temporary resting period or a more permanent one. Example of the latter is a neuron as it has reached an end stage and no longer divides.
What happens in G1?
Cells increase in size, produce RNA and synthesise protein. G1 checkpoint ensures everything is ready for DNA synthesis.
S phase?
DNA replication occurs here.