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Bio Module 3 > Exchange surfaces and breathing 3.1 > Flashcards

Exchange surfaces and breathing 3.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do organisms need a specialised exchange surface?

A

If they have a small SA:V, high metabolic activity and are multicellular, diffusion cannot provide and remove O2, nutrients and CO2 at a sustainable rate

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2
Q

What are the features of an efficient exchange surface with examples?

A
  • Large SA (root hair cells)
  • thin layer/ exchange surface (alveoli)
  • good blood supply/ ventilation (gills)
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3
Q

Why is a large SA important to exchange surfaces?

A

It provides more area for molecules to diffuse through, increasing the rate of diffusion

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4
Q

Why is a thin layer important to exchange surfaces?

A

To reduce the diffusion distance and to ensure the barrier is permeable to increase rate of diffusion

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5
Q

Why is a good blood supply/ ventilation important to exchange surfaces?

A

To maintain a conc. gradient so that rate of diffusion is faster

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6
Q

How do you find the SA of a sphere?

A

4πr2

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7
Q

How do you find the volume of a sphere?

A

4/3 πr3

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8
Q

What are the mechanisms of inhaling?

A
  • diaphragm contracts downwards
  • external intercostals contract
  • internal intercostals relax
  • ribs raise upwards
  • volume of chest cavity increases
  • pressure decreases
  • air moves into lungs
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9
Q

What are the mechanisms of exhaling?

A
  • diaphragm relaxes upwards
  • internal intercostals contract
  • external intercostals relax
  • ribcage lowers
  • volume of chest cavity decreases
  • pressure increases
  • air moves out of lungs
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10
Q

What are the components of the mammalian gaseous exchange system?

A
  • nose
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
  • lungs
  • rib cage
  • external/ internal intercostal muscles
  • diaphragm
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11
Q

What are the adaptations of the lung

A
  • squamous cells in alveoli
  • elastic fibres
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12
Q

What are the adaptations of the trachea and bronchi

A
  • cartilage
  • ciliated epithelium cells
  • goblet cells
  • smooth muscle
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13
Q

What are the adaptations of the bronchioles?

A
  • smooth muscle
  • cilliated epthelium cells
  • goblet cells
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14
Q

What is the structure and function of cartilage in airways?

A
  • C shaped rings
  • allows flexibility and space for food to pass down the oesophagus
  • support the airways to prevent collapse during inspiration
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15
Q

What is the structure and function of ciliated epithelium cells?

A
  • cells that have hair like projections called cilia
  • waft mucus past cells up the throat to prevent lung infections
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16
Q

What is the function of goblet cells?

A

Secrete mucus to trap pathogens to reduce risk of infection

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17
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle?

A

It contracts involuntarily to constrict the airways and reduce the size of the lumen incase there are harmful substances in the air

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18
Q

What is the function of elastic fibres?

A

They act to dialate airways by deforming when the muscle contracts but then recoiling back to their original size when the muscles relax

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19
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

A device that can measure the movement of air into and out of the lungs

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20
Q

How do you measure lung volume?

A

Using a spirometer

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21
Q

How does a spirometer work?

A

As you breath in the chamber lid lowers and when you breath out it rises and these movements are recorded by a data logger

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22
Q

What happens to the CO2 in a spirometer?

A

It passes through a soda lime chamber which absorbes CO2

23
Q

What precautions must be taken when using a spirometer?

A
  • subject should be healthy
  • soda lime should be fresh and functioning
  • no air leaks in the apparatus
  • mouthpeice should be sterilised
  • water chamber must not be overfilled
24
Q

What will increased oxygen uptake be a result of?

A
  • increased breathing rate
  • deeper breaths
25
Q

How do you calculate oxygen uptake from a spirometer trace?

A
  • draw a line from point A to point B
  • measure length of time between these points
  • measure the difference in volume between points
  • divide by the time taken for the decrease
  • change any units if needed
26
Q

Where do bony fish get oxygen from?

A

Oxygen dissolved in the water

27
Q

What is the operculum?

A

Bony flap that covers and protects fishes gills

28
Q

What are the filaments/ primary lamallae?

A

Branches of tissue which make up gills attached to a bony arch

29
Q

What are the secondary lamallae/ gill plates?

A

Folds of filaments to increase SA

30
Q

What is countercurrent flow?

A

Two fluids flow in opposite directions

31
Q

Which way do fluids flow in gills?

A

In a countercurrent direction to maintain conc. gradient

32
Q

What is the buccal cavity?

A

The mouth of a bony fish

33
Q

How do bony fish keep water flowing over gills?

A

Using a buccal opercular pump

34
Q

How does ventilation work in fish?

A
  • the mouth opens, the floor of the mouth moves downwards, drawing water into the buccal cavity due to increased volume
  • the mouth closes, operculum moves outwards and the floor raises up, this reduces the pressure in the opercular cavity and pushes water through the gills
35
Q

How should you dissect a fish properly?

A
  • lift the operculum and observe the gills
  • cut away the operculum to view the gills
  • carefully cut out one gill
36
Q

What is the tracheal system?

A

System of air filled tubes in insects

37
Q

What are spiracles?

A

Opening that allows air in or out of the trachea

38
Q

What is the tracheal fluid?

A

Fluid found at the end of tracheoles

39
Q

What do active tissues do?

A

Increase SA of tracheal wall exposed to air so more oxygen can be absorbed

40
Q

What does the active tissue mean for the tracheal fluid?

A

Tracheal fluid can easily be withdrawn

41
Q

How does ventilation happen in insects?

A

By movements of the body which draw air into the tracheal system so gas exchange can happen between the the air in the tracheole and the tracheal fluid

42
Q

How do the tracheal system, wing movement and volume of abdomen aid with ventilation?

A
  • tracheal system walls are flexible and can be squeezed by the flight muscles and the expansion and contraction aids ventilation
  • movement of wings alter volume of thorax which causes pressure changes so air is pushed into tracheal system
  • by altering volume of abdomen it causes pressure changes so air is pushed in and out of the tracheal system
43
Q

Do insects transport oxygen in blood?

A

No

44
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume of air breathed in or out per breath

45
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Maximal volume of air forcibly inspired in addition to tidal volume

46
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Maximal amount of air forcibly expired in addition to tidal volume

47
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Maximal volume of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration

48
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Volume of air left in the lungs after a maximal expiration

49
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Vital capacity add residual volume

50
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

Volume of air breathed in or out per minute

51
Q

What is the calculation for vital capacity?

A

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

52
Q

What is the calculation for minute ventilation?

A

Breathing rate X tidal volume

53
Q

What is the calculation for total lung volume?

A

Vital capacity + residual volume

Bio Module 3 (3 decks)

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