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Bio Module 3 > Exchange surfaces and breathing 3.1 > Flashcards

Exchange surfaces and breathing 3.1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the features of exchange surfaces?

A
  • Large SA:V
  • very thin
  • partially permeable
  • movement of internam medium
  • movement of external medium
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2
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume of air breathed in or out per breath

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3
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Maximal volume of air forcibly inspired in addition to tidal volume

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4
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Maximal amount of air forcibly expired in addition to tidal volume

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5
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Maximal volume of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration

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6
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Volume of air left in the lungs after a maximal expiration

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7
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Vital capacity add residual volume

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8
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

Volume of air breathed in or out per minute

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9
Q

What is the calculation for vital capacity?

A

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

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10
Q

What is the calculation for minute ventilation?

A

Breathing rate X tidal volume

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11
Q

What is the calculation for total lung volume?

A

Vital capacity + residual volume

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12
Q

What happens when you inhale?

A
  • diaphragm contracts
  • external intercostals contract
  • volume of chest cavity increases
  • pressure decreases
  • air moves into lungs
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13
Q

What happens when you exhale?

A
  • diaphragm relaxes
  • internal intercostals contract
  • volume of chest cavity decreases
  • pressure increases
  • air moves out of lungs
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14
Q

What are the adaptations of the lung

A
  • squamous cells in alveoli
  • elastic fibres ( can recoil to original size)
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15
Q

What are the adaptations of the airways?

A
  • ciliated epithelium cells in airways
  • goblet calls (secret mucus)
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16
Q

What are the adaptations of the trachea and bronchi

A
  • cartilage ( c shaped to allow flexibility and stops airway collapsing)
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17
Q

What are the adaptations of the bronchioles?

A

Smooth muscle ( contracts without conscious thought)

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18
Q

What sized organisms need a specialised exchange system?

A

Larger organisms

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19
Q

What three factors affect the need for exchange systems?

A
  • size
  • SA:V
  • level of activity
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20
Q

Why do single celled organisms just use diffusion?

A
  • all the cytoplasm is close to the environment
  • diffusion supplies enoigh oxygen and nutrients
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21
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need special exchange?

A
  • oxygen and nutriemts have a longer diffusion pathway as they have to pass through membranes
  • the rate at which diffusion would supply them is not sustainable
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22
Q

What type of organism has a large SA:V?

A

Small organisms

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23
Q

Do cells of active organisms need more or less supply of oxygen and nutrients?

A

More supply

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24
Q

How do you find sa?

A

4πr2

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25
Q

How do you find volume?

A

4/3 πr3

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26
Q

What are the features of a good exchange surface?

A
  • good blood supply
  • thin barrier
  • large surface area
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27
Q

Good blood supply

A

Maintain conc. gradient

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28
Q

Thin barrier

A
  • reduce diffusion distance
  • permeable
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29
Q

Large surface area

A

Provide more space for molecules to pass through

30
Q

Where do bony fish get oxygen from?

A

Oxygen dissolved in the water

31
Q

How do bony fish absorbe the oxygen?

A

Through their gills

32
Q

What is the operculum?

A

Bony flap that covers and protects fish

33
Q

What are the filaments/ primary lamallae?

A

Branches of tissue which make up gills attached to a bony arch

34
Q

What are the secondary lamallae/ gill plates?

A

Folds of filaments to increase SA

35
Q

What is countercurrent flow?

A

Two fluids flow in opposite directions

36
Q

Which way do fluids flow in gills?

A

In a countercurrent direction to maintain conc. gradient

37
Q

What is the buccal cavity?

A

The mouth of a bony fish

38
Q

How do bony fish keep water flowing over gills?

A

Using a buccal opercular pump

39
Q

How does the operculum change as a bony fish breaths?

A

As water is pushed from the buccal cavity, operculum moves outwards to reduce pressure in the operculum cavity so water flows through gills

40
Q

Do insects transport oxygen in blood?

A

No

41
Q

What kind of circulatory system do insects have?

A

An open circulatory system where body fluids act like body and tissue fluids

42
Q

What is the tracheal system?

A

System of air filled tubes in insects

43
Q

How does the tracheal system work?

A

Supplies air directly into all respiring tissue by spiracles

44
Q

What are spiracles?

A

Opening that allows air in or out of the trachea

45
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Series of the tubes that transport air

46
Q

What are tracheoles?

A

Trachea dividing into smaller branches

47
Q

What is the tracheal fluid?

A

Fluid found at the end of tracheoles

48
Q

Where does gas exchange happen in insects?

A

Between air in tracheoles and tracheal fluid

49
Q

Why do insects need a good supply of oxygen?

A

They are very active

50
Q

What does the active tissue mean for the tracheal fluid?

A

Tracheal fluid can easily be withdrawn

51
Q

What do active tissues do?

A
  • increase SA of tracheal wall exposed to air
  • so more oxygen can be absorbed
52
Q

How does ventilation happen?

A

By movements of the body

53
Q

How do tracheal system aid in ventilation?

A
  • tracheal system walls are flexible and act as air sacks
  • squeezed by muscle and the expansion and contraction of the sacs ventilates the system
54
Q

How does wing movement aid with ventilation?

A
  • alters volume of thorax
55
Q

How does volume of abdomen aid with ventilation?

A

Abdomen expands, spiracles open, air enters

56
Q

Lung tissue

A
  • squamous cells in alveoli
  • elastic fibres (protein fibres that can deform and recoil to their original size)
57
Q

Airways

A
  • cilliated epIthelium cells line the airways and help waft mucus
  • goblet cells secrete mucus that traps pathogens
58
Q

Trachea and bronchi

A

Cartilage prevents airways from collapsing and in a C shape to allow felxibility

59
Q

Bronchioles

A

Smooth muscle that contracts without concious thought

60
Q

Lungs

A

Must maitain a steep conc. gradient

61
Q

Large SA

A
  • lots of small alveoli leading to a large surface area
62
Q

Permeable barrier

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse across

63
Q

Thin barrier

A

Reduces diffusion distance, one cell thick

64
Q

What are lungs protected by?

A

Ribs which are held by intercostal muscles

65
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

A device that can measure the movement of air intoand out of the lungs

66
Q

How do you measure lung volume?

A

Using a spirometer

67
Q

How does a spirometer work?

A

As you breath in the chamber lid lowers and when you breath out it rises and these movements are recorded by a data logger

68
Q

What happens to the CO2 in a spirometer?

A

It passes through a soda lime chamber which absorbes CO2

69
Q

What precautions must be taken when using a spirometer?

A
  • subject should be healthy (in particular free from asthma)
  • soda lime should be fresh and functioning
  • no air leaks in the apparatus
  • mouthpeice should be sterilised
  • water chamber must not be overfilled
70
Q

What will increased oxygen uptake be a result of?

A
  • increased breathing rate
  • deeper breaths
71
Q

How do you calculate oxygen uptake from a spirometer trace?

A
  • draw a line from point A to point B
  • measure length of time between these points
  • measure the difference in volume between points
  • divide by the time taken for the decrease
  • change any units if needed

Bio Module 3 (3 decks)

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